Relationships among environment, spawning and settlement of Queen scallop in the Ría de Arosa (Galicia, NW Spain)

This study examines the relationship of the reproductive and reserve storage cycles and spat settlement of the Queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) to environmental factors. The possibility of farming this species from spat settled on collectors is considered. The gonad condition index shows maximum values between mid-May and early August. Another peak occurs in mid-November. In spring and summer, the energy needed for gametogenesis is derived from food, although it is possible that direct transfer may occur from the digestive gland to the gonad. The glycogen and lipid content of the reserve organs reaches maximum values between late summer and early autumn. The energy requirements related to gametogenesis, which begins in autumn, involve the consumption of accumulated reserves with the resulting reduction in the condition indices. There is a positive correlation between temperature and the condition indices of the digestive gland, the adductor muscle and their lipid and glycogen content, respectively. Two settlement periods were recorded, one in winter, which could not be associated with the spawning of the experimental animals, and another in summer, which coincided with the spawning that took place in spring. The reduced gonad indices recorded at the end of the summer and in winter did not lead to settlement.     

老子如何被推向神坛

哲学家老子之所以能够成为道教教主,其原因为:一是老子受到黄帝的“感染”而成为神仙,二是《史记》的含糊记载有助于后人对老子的神学改造,三是《老子》有助于道教理论的建立。最后讨论了道教放弃黄帝而选择老子作为教主的原因。     

Reducing oxidative browning during in vitro establishment of Protea cynaroides

Oxidative browning is one of the reasons why Protea cynaroides is not being extensively propagated via tissue culture techniques. The reduction of oxidative browning was best achieved by stirring the explants for 1 h in an antioxidant solution mixture containing 100 mg l⁻¹ ascorbic acid and 1500 mg l⁻¹ citric acid before inserting them into the medium. In combination with this antioxidant solution, in vitro establishment was highly successful where 100% bud growth was achieved by explants growing under 16 h photoperiod.     

Purification of transglutaminase from scallop striated adductor muscle and NaCl-induced inactivation

SUMMARY: Tissue type transglutaminase (TGase) was purified from scallop striated adductor muscle with successive chromatographies of DE-52 cellulose, Sephacryl S-300, and Mono Q columns. The yield and purification of the enzymatic activity was 16.6% and 101.9-fold, respectively. The molecular mass of purified enzyme was estimated to be 95 kDa by sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Scallop TGase was Ca²⁺-dependent and strongly inactivated by ρ-chloromercuribenzoic acid, N -ethylmaleimide, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, meaning it belongs to the thiol group of enzymes as well as being a mammalian enzyme. When scallop TGase was incubated in 0.5 M NaCl without substrate for 2 h at 20°C and pH 7.5, enzymatic activity decreased to 14.4% of its original. However, a conformational change in the TGase molecule was not detected by either fluorescent, ultraviolet, and circular dichroism spectra analyses compared to the enzyme incubated without NaCl. In addition, the enzyme inactivated by NaCl was partially recovered by the dilution of salt concentration, which means that the NaCl-induced inactivation process is reversible to some extent. These results suggest that NaCl-induced modulation of the TGase molecule occurs via a small conformational change.     

施氮对不同定植年限臂形草草场产量与质量的影响

对云南省南亚热带湿热地区的思茅曼中田畜牧场臂形草草场不同定植年限中每年施氮素与否对草场的产草量及养分含量的影响进行了调查和统计分析。结果表明：通过每年施氮肥，能明显地提高全草场的产量和质量，如以１９８６年（１２０）＊与１９８６（０）＊两不同处理在定植的第五年进行比较，一次刈割测产的干物质产量每公顷可提高达１４７．２％、粗蛋白含量则提高２３３．７％，处理间均可达到极为显著的差异（Ｆ＝９．９０＞Ｆ０．０１＝３．３６）。后随着年限的推移，施氮肥的草场产量可保持一定的稳定性之后，再出现稳中有降，而不施氮肥的处理则在定植的第三年急剧下降。为此作者等提出了试验见解，希望对曼中田以及其类似地区禾本科草场的管理上能起到一定生态循环系统的指导作用，并为抑制害草飞机草的孳生危害提供措施。     

Conversion of pectenotoxin-2 to pectenotoxin-2 seco acid in the New Zealand scallop, Pecten novaezelandiae

SUMMARY: Comparison of pectenotoxin (PTX) profiles between the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuta and scallops Pecten novaezelandiae collected at Wedge Point, Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand was carried out by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with turbo-ionspray ionization. Although the major PTX homolog in D. acuta was pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), the scallops contained pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (PTX2SA) as the predominant toxin. Pectenotoxin-2 isolated from D. acuta was rapidly converted to PTX2SA and its epimer 7- epi -pectenotoxin-2 seco acid (7- epi -PTX2SA) in the scallop extracts. These results indicate that PTX2SA and 7- epi -PTX2SA arose from the conversion of PTX2 by scallop tissue. The results indicate that New Zealand scallops have an ability to reduce the cytotoxicity of PTX2 by conversion to PTX2SA.     

Gelation of low salt soluble proteins from scallop adductor muscle in relation to its freshness

ABSTRACT: The low salt extract from scallop striated adductor muscle contained extra proteins in addition to sarcoplasmic proteins and was turned into a gel upon standing or immediately by the addition of Ca²⁺. The amount of extra protein, which was composed of a large amount of actin and a small amount of myosin, decreased with a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the muscle during storage at 5°C. Actin was easily extracted from scallop myofibrils in low salt solution with ATP at 1 mM or above. Furthermore, ATP was required to induce the gelation of the low salt extract. A visual observation of the gelation of low salt extract is therefore a simple and easy method to inspect prerigor state of scallop adductor muscle.     

碧海万年青和绿大帝蔓绿绒的离体繁殖

以碧海万年青的幼叶和带侧芽的茎段进行离体培养，幼叶在MS＋BAlmg/L＋NAA0.1mg/L的培养基中生长约1周形成愈伤组织，约20d出现丛生芽。碧海万年青茎段侧芽的生长及丛生芽的增殖需要较高浓度的BA。侧芽在添加BA2－4mg/l的MS培养基中约20d可诱导出丛生芽，这苗在1／2MS＋NAA0．2－0．5mg/L培养基中生长约2周可生根，1个月即可出瓶移栽。绿大帝蔓绿绒侧芽在MS＋BA3mg/L的培养基中诱导增殖，生根培养基为1／2MS＋NAA0．2－0．5mg/L，试管苗的移栽成活率可达90％以上。     

成膜预处理提高扇贝柱超声波辅助热泵干燥效率及品质

热泵干燥（Heat Pump Drying,HPD）因条件温和、能效高,特别适用于水产品的干燥。但是,由于HPD温度低,导致干燥时间长、干制品品质劣变严重,限制了HPD在水产品中的应用。为了强化扇贝柱HPD效率,提高干制品品质,该研究首先采用超声波（Ultrasonic,US）预处理扇贝柱,然后再分别采用3种可食性膜（海藻酸钠（Sodium Alginate,SA）,低甲氧基果胶（Low-Methoxy Pectin,LMP）和印度树胶（Gum Ghatti,GG））预处理,US处理后未经过成膜预处理的扇贝柱作为对照组（Control Group,CK）,探究成膜预处理对扇贝柱US辅助HPD动力学及品质特性的影响。基于低场核磁共振（Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR）技术,采用单变量线性（Univariate Linear,UL）模型和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）模型量化扇贝柱LF-NMR弛豫参数与干制品含水率（Moisture Content,MC）和水分活度（Water Activity）的关系,以期监测扇贝柱HPD进程。研究结果表明：相比于CK,成膜预处理导致扇贝柱有效水分扩散系数（Effective Moisture Diffusivity）提高了1.32%～8.41%。SA和GG成膜预处理可以减缓扇贝柱干燥过程中不易流动水向结合水迁移的速率,同时增加了干燥过程中自由水的流动性,进而强化了干燥效率。相比于CK,SA和GG成膜预处理增加了扇贝柱硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性,降低了复水比、收缩率和总色差值;而LMP成膜预处理降低了硬度和总色差值。综合考虑,US-SA为扇贝柱US辅助HPD较适合的预处理方式。LF-NMR横向弛豫时间与大部分干制品品质之间具有显著（P<0.05）关联性。扇贝柱LF-NMR图谱中,当横向弛豫时间主峰<10 ms时,而且仅出现1个主峰,即可作为扇贝柱干燥终点。UL模型表明,MC和水分活度与不易流动水峰面积和总峰面积呈显著（P<0.05）正相关,与结合水峰面积呈显著（P<0.05）负相关。PLSR模型表明,以4个LF-NMR参数为变量的回归模型可高精度地预测MC和水分活度。该研究为扇贝柱热泵干燥增效、保质提供一种新型非热力预处理方式;同时,基于LF-NMR技术,为快速、无损监测扇贝柱热泵干燥进程提供理论依据和实践参考。