补水对采金废弃矿区恢复效益的影响

以阿勒泰两河源自然保护区采金废弃矿区为研究对象,从地形、水、土和生物多方面开展矿山生态恢复试验,分析了推平、覆土、撒羊粪、水分补给、补植、撒种、羊群驻扎和漫溢措施对矿区植被的影响,结合每种措施的成本,选出恢复成效好、成本低的措施。结果显示,1)对废弃矿区进行人工灌溉后,物种数增加了21.7倍,土石比增加了4.5倍;2)滴灌、漫灌和喷灌3种措施中,漫灌措施下成效最好,对土壤的恢复中:覆土后,漫灌下的土石比分别较滴灌与喷灌高38.0%和33.1%;撒羊粪后,分别高出21.7%和11.4%;撒种后,分别高8.9%和8.5%;补植种黑加仑(Ribes nigrum)后,分别高24.2%和2.9%;3)不同灌溉方式下成本高低为滴灌喷灌漫灌,其中漫灌受地理位置限制,而喷灌则适用性广泛。阿勒泰矿山恢复中,可注重矿区的自然恢复并辅以漫灌和人工覆土等措施。本研究为其废弃矿区修复提供了一定的理论依据。     

昆明地区八个爱尔兰草坪草种的引种筛选

为选择出更多适应昆明地区条件的优良草坪草品种,以8个爱尔兰草坪草种为材料,对其生长习性和适应性进行连续5个月的观察引种试验。结果表明:8个品种均能正常生长发育,冬春季能保持常绿。草地早熟禾、紫羊茅、剪股颖、组合草种和细匍匐紫羊茅的综合观赏性状最好,具有较强的适应性和抗逆性,适合在昆明地区生态条件下作进一步试验栽培筛选。     

基于河流分段与分季节的涑水河水环境容量计算及模型预测

【目的】建立适合于干旱和半干旱地区季节性河流的水环境容量计算模式及预测模型。【方法】以山西省涑水河为例,基于河流分段(上游(横水铁路桥断面以上)、中游(吕庄水库断面至横水铁路桥断面)、下游(吕庄水库断面以下))和分季节(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)的原则,在传统水环境容量计算模型的基础上,利用涑水河流域现有的水文资料、环境资料及生态、经济等资料,探索影响干旱和半干旱地区河流生态环境容量的主要因素,构建涑水河水环境容量计算模式与自适应调整粒子群-RBF神经网络预测模型,并用涑水河流域监测数据、历史资料进行验证。【结果】水体原污染物质量浓度、当前水环境的质量标准、河流距离、河流流量、排放污水量和排放时间是影响干旱和半干旱地区河流生态环境容量的主要因素。在丰水期、平水期、枯水期涑水河3个断面之间水环境容量计算值与预测值均非常接近,计算值相对误差为0.12%~1.47%,预测值相对误差为0.09%~2.02%,可见计算方法和预测方法的精度均较高。【结论】涑水河水环境容量预测值可用于指导涑水河水资源优化配置和水环境污染控制,对推动干旱和半干旱地区流域的可持续发展具有积极意义。     

两种辣椒的核型研究

采用去壁低渗法研究了两种辣椒的核型。结果表明,小米辣椒Capsicum.frutescens Linn.为2n=24=22m+2Sm(SAT),属2A 型核型;樱桃辣椒c.annuum var.cerasiforme Irish 为2n=24=20m+2sm(SAT)+2st,属2B 型核型。本文还讨论了小米辣椒和辣椒核型的进化问题。     

南汀河流域土壤侵蚀的时空分异

[目的]分析南汀河流域坡面土壤侵蚀的时空分异特征,为流域水土保持和边疆生态环境建设提供科学参考。[方法]基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE),运用RS和GIS技术计算南汀河流域1990,2000及2010年3个时段的土壤侵蚀模数。[结果]3个时段内研究区侵蚀模数呈现先升后降的趋势,年均侵蚀模数从24.75t/(hm2·a)升到30.05t/(hm2·a),然后降为25.87t/(hm2·a)。3个时段内,流域内强烈侵蚀及其以上的侵蚀面积仅占总侵蚀面积的19.94%,但对流域总侵蚀量的贡献高达73.56%。1990—2000年,强烈及强烈以下侵蚀面积减少了1 059.85km2,强烈侵蚀以上的侵蚀面积则增加了112.29km2;2000—2010年,微度侵蚀面积有小幅增加,其余侵蚀等级的侵蚀面积都有所下降。当坡度小于20°时,侵蚀模数随着坡度的增加而增加,坡度超过20°后,侵蚀模数有降低的趋势;从海拔上看,高侵蚀模数区域主要位于海拔500~2 000m范围。[结论]流域内的土壤侵蚀治理已初见成效,但在局部地区,土壤侵蚀仍有加剧现象。     

湖南四水流域洪涝灾害特性与减灾战略

湖南湘资沅澧四水均属山区暴雨型河流 ,汛期洪涝灾害频发。通过对四水流域近数 10 a洪涝灾害资料分析表明 :洪涝灾害发生频率高 ,且具有多发性、共生性与地域差异性的整体特征。在时间分布上呈现明显的季节性、连年性和循环周期性 ;在空间分布上 ,中上游山丘区山洪灾害频发 ,中下游河谷平原洪涝灾害交织 ,下游尾闾洪溃涝渍灾害并发。随着时间的演进 ,洪涝灾损和发生频率均呈明显的增大趋势 ,据此提出了减灾战略以减轻洪涝灾害损失。     

Sediment Dynamics and Pollutant Mobility in Rivers (SEDYMO): Assessing Catchment-Wide Emission-Immission Relationships from Sediment Studies. BMBF Coordinated Research Project SEDYMO (2002–2006)

-  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2005.11.002 Background and Scope. Apart from their function as indicator or memory for local pollutant inputs, sediments, and especially sediment cores, can be used as a tool for assessing emissionimmission relationships of contaminants on a river-basin scale. Methods. In the framework of the SEDYMO program, source effects, i.e. intensity of sediment erosion under different shear stress, were investigated using a combination of core profile or sampling box studies in laboratory flumes and a mobile in-situ testing device for sediment stability. Results. Calculations of immission risks on downstream areas, e.g., from a three-step approach (substances of concern, areas of concern, areas of risk; Heise et al. 2004), may be directly confirmed from sediment core data, specifically from flood layers, at the target site.     

Proliferative kidney disease in Switzerland: current state of knowledge

This study presents an overview of the distribution of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in wild and farmed fish in Switzerland based on two sources: (1) the results of routine diagnostic work at the National Fish Disease Laboratory, and (2) the results of a country‐wide survey for PKD. The first case of PKD in Switzerland was diagnosed in 1979 and since 1981, a few cases have been found every year. Affected species were rainbow trout, brown trout and grayling from rivers and fish farms. Most of the diseased fish were found in the lower altitude regions of the country (Swiss midlands). A seasonal distribution of the cases was evident: PKD‐positive fish occurred only from June to November withprominent peaks in August and September. Among infected fish all length classes were present, but the highest numbers of affected fish were found in the length classes <10 cm and 16–20 cm. The evaluation of the samples from a survey of the occurrence of PKD in 2000/2001 revealed a much broader geographical distribution of the infection than expected from routine diagnostic observations. Fish from 56 of 139 rivers analysed by histological examination were positive for parasites. Fish from 131 of these sites were examined macroscopically. Of these, trout from 45 sites showed gross alterations indicative for PKD. Most of the positive fish were found in the Swiss midlands north of the Alps. Fish from six of 65 fish farms investigated were found to be PKD‐positive by histopathological analysis, and in four of these cases fish could be identified as infected on the basis of gross examination.     

Improving the detection of rare native fish species in environmental DNA metabarcoding surveys

1. The presence of threatened or endangered species often strongly influences management and conservation decisions. Within the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, the presence of threatened native fish affects the management and allocation of water resources. In New South Wales, these decisions are currently based on traditional fisheries data and a predictive MaxEnt model. However, it is important to verify the model's predictive power given the implication it may have, but this requires methods with a high detection sensitivity for rare species.
2. Although the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, in particular eDNA metabarcoding, achieves a higher detection sensitivity compared with traditional methods, earlier surveys in the MDB have shown that the highly abundant and invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can reduce detection probabilities for rare species. Consequently, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) blocking primer designed to block the amplification of carp eDNA could increase the detection probabilities for rare native species while simultaneously reducing the required sampling effort and survey costs. Although PCR blocking primers are often used in ancient DNA and dietary studies, no aquatic eDNA metabarcoding study to date has evaluated the potential benefits of using PCR blocking primers.
3. A laboratory and field-based pilot study was used to address this knowledge gap and assess the impact of a blocking primer, targeting cyprinid fishes (including carp), on the detection probabilities of native species and the minimum sampling effort required.
4. Results showed that the inclusion of the blocking primer increased the detection probabilities for native species by 10–20% and reduced the minimum required sampling effort by 25–50%. These findings provide important insights into possible methods for optimizing eDNA metabarcoding surveys for the detection of rare aquatic species.