三江源地区天然牧草气候生产力评估

选用河南、甘德、同德、玉树、曲麻莱、五道梁和玛多7个气象台站的1971～2004年的气象资料,对三江源地区的气候条件进行了分析,应用综合数学模型建立了三江源地区的天然草场植物气候生产力评估模型。结果表明：三江源地区气候生产力总体上呈下降的趋势,气候生产潜力较大。在较小范围内,海拔高度和气候生产力呈反比关系,海拔每上升100m气候生产力约降低1200～1425kg/ha,同时水分也是三江源地区天然牧草气候生产力的制约因素之一。     

青海高原区域水电密集开发对河流区段生态影响分析

青海处在青藏高原生态脆弱地区,水电工程建设对河流区段生态因子,如地质、水文气候、生物、人文地理环境等产生影响。黄河干流已建、在建和规划建设的水电站共３１座,总装机１９７０．３５万ＫＷ,比理论蕴藏值扩大３０４．３５万ＫＷ。从河流水能蕴藏量、电站规模、河流原生态的优劣区别、流域区系和生态承受力、开发区段局部影响力等方面分析,青海部分河流水电建设的密集度排序为：隆务河＞大通河＞黑河＞湟水河＞格尔木河＞黄河;对河流生态影响的综合程度评价排序为：隆务河＞大通河＞黄河＞湟水河＞黑河＞格尔木河。依青海部分河流 的水电密集开发建设现状,分析评价由此对河流区段局部生态造成的影响程度,并提出对策。     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Typology of historical sources and the reconstruction of long‐term historical changes of riverine fish: a case study of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers

Historical data are widely used in river ecology to define reference conditions or to investigate the evolution of aquatic systems. Most studies rely on printed documents from the 19th century, thus missing pre‐industrial states and human impacts. This article discusses historical sources that can be used to reconstruct the development of riverine fish communities from the Late Middle Ages until the mid‐20th century. Based on the studies of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers, we propose a classification scheme of printed and archival sources and describe their fish ecological contents. Five types of sources were identified using the origin of sources as the first criterion: (i) early scientific surveys, (ii) fishery sources, (iii) fish trading sources, (iv) fish consumption sources and (v) cultural representations of fish. Except for early scientific surveys, all these sources were produced within economic and administrative contexts. They did not aim to report about historical fish communities, but do contain information about commercial fish and their exploitation. All historical data need further analysis for a fish ecological interpretation. Three case studies from the investigated Austrian and Russian rivers demonstrate the use of different source types and underline the necessity for a combination of different sources and a methodology combining different disciplinary approaches. Using a large variety of historical sources to reconstruct the development of past fish ecological conditions can support future river management by going beyond the usual approach of static historical reference conditions.     

温州主要入海河流6种重金属的空间分布及风险评估

了解浙江温州地区主要入海河流重金属空间分布特征,合理评价研究区域水体重金属的潜在生态风险。在温州地区3条主要入海河流瓯江、飞云江和鳌江分析6种重金属的含量和空间分布,采用重金属污染指数法(HPI)和物种敏感性分布法(SSD)进行生态风险分析。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As的浓度分别为12.46~1 830.01、2.94~372.79、19.58~435.04、0.06~0.79、14.11~192.98和1.59~63.95μg/L,平均值分别为801.68、73.80、168.61、0.26、81.06和23.53μg/L。HPI评估结果表明,O4、F2、A1和A2 4个站位重金属污染程度高,F1站位污染程度中等,O1、O2、O3和A3污染程度低;其中对水体重金属污染贡献程度较高的4种重金属分别为Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr。SSD风险评价结果表明,Cu、Zn、Cr和As在所有站位的表现均为高生态风险,Pb在O4和A2站位表现为高生态风险,说明这5种重金属对所在区域水生生物具有较高的潜在危害。2种方法从不同角度对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价,能有效规避单一评价方法的不足,互为补充。     

Epilithic biofilm as a key factor for small‐scale river fisheries on Caribbean islands

Abstract Numerous freshwater species are consumed or exploited through artisanal fisheries in the rivers of the islands of Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Autochthonous production of organic matter is limited in these flowing rivers and is mainly represented by scarce filamentous green algae and an abundant epilithic biofilm growing on wet stones in the river bed. Stable isotope analysis was used to quantify the relative importance of biofilm and other riverine allochthonous and autochthonous food sources in the diet of tropical shrimps (Palaemonidae, Atyidae and Xiphocarididae) and fishes (Gobiidae and Eleotridae) consumed by the local people. The epilithic biofilm was exploited by most species, constituted an important source of autochthonous carbon and was an important source of organic matter production at the base of freshwater food webs in Caribbean rivers. Biofilm percentages in the diet reached 32% for molluscs, 85% for atyid shrimps, 29% for xiphocaridid shrimps, 14% for palaemonid shrimps and 13% for fish. Assessment of biofilm in nine rivers showed that blue and red cyanobacteria were quantitatively dominant with a moderately rich diatom flora. These results address the interactions between river biofilm and Caribbean freshwater fauna where trophic links between consumers and their potential resources have poorly been documented.     

连续筑坝河流水气界面温室气体排放通量及其影响因素 —以青海省湟水支流火烧沟为例

河流筑坝后水体环境发生巨大改变,水体温室气体排放通量和排放模式随之发生变化。为了探究筑坝后河流水气界面温室气体排放情况,选取青海湟水支流火烧沟为研究区域,采用静态箱-气相色谱实验法,对4个连续筑坝断面水气界面的3种温室气体二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)、一氧化二氮(N_2O)夏季排放通量进行监测,研究河流筑坝前后的温室气体排放通量规律及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)筑坝对河流碳、氮等有机质形成滞留效应,筑坝区温室气体排放通量显著高于未筑坝区,二者排放通量平均相差4.12倍。(2)时间尺度上,CO_2排放的最高值主要分布于8月;而CH_4排放的高峰值多分布于6月;N_2O排放高峰值多分布于7月。(3)空间分布上,CO_2排放通量无明显的规律,排放低值-1 554.19 mg/(m~2·h)和高值778.84 mg/(m~2·h)均出现在筑坝区;CH_4和N_2O排放低值均出现在未筑坝区,分别为360μg/(m~2·h)和34.72μg/(m~2·h),而高值均出现在筑坝区,分别为6 163.4μg/(m~2·h)和746.7μg/(m~2·h)。(4)不同筑坝段水体温室气体排放通量的影响因素不同,相关分析表明,火烧沟水体CO_2排放通量与电导率(Cond)(r=-0.914,P0.05)、pH(r=-0.907,P0.05)、总溶解固体(TDS)(r=-0.914,P0.05)、盐度(Sal)(r=-0.926,P0.05)以及气温(T)(r=-0.978,P0.01)呈显著负相关;CH_4排放通量与氧化还原电位(ORP)(r=-0.968,P0.01)、pH(r=0.979,P0.01)呈显著相关;N_2O排放通量与电导率(Cond)(r=0.903,P0.05)、总溶解固体(TDS)(r=0.904,P0.05)、气温(T)(r=0.970,P0.05)以及氧化还原电位(ORP)(r=0.929,P0.05)呈显著正相关。     

The importance of riparian subtropical lucidophyllous forest to odonate conservation

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三江源区不同退化高寒草甸土壤碳分布特征研究

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