陇东地区不同生态型冬小麦抗旱性研究与适宜品种的筛选

在不同的播前底墒下,应用抗旱指数法、隶属函数法、模糊综合评判法研究了14个不同生态类型旱地冬小麦品种的抗旱性。结果表明,随着底墒的增加,旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率显著提高,相同底墒下品种之间产量与水分利用效率差异显著,不同生态型冬小麦对播前底墒的反应明显不同。抗旱指数法、隶属函数法、模糊综合评判法均能较好地评价旱地冬小麦的抗旱性,其评价结果基本一致。参试品种从来源分析,抗旱性表现为:甘肃陇东>山西地区>北京地区>渭北旱塬>黄淮地区。     

Effect of soil inoculum level and environmental factors on potato powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea

The effects of soil inoculum level and three environmental factors (soil type, soil moisture regime and temperature) on the incidence and severity of powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea were investigated in potato plants grown under controlled environmental conditions. Symptoms of powdery scab on tubers were assessed visually, after which DNA was extracted from tuber peelings and quantified in a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using primers and a TaqMan® probe specific to S. subterranea to establish tuber infection levels. Soil inoculum concentration of S. subterranea did not significantly affect the incidence and severity of either tuber infection or powdery scab symptoms at maturity. No significant differences in disease incidence and severity were found between sandy, loamy and clay soils, although the two lighter soils yielded more powdery scab than clay soil. Constant dampness of the soil resulted in significantly more disease than a fluctuating moisture regime. Infection and disease levels were high at all three temperatures tested (9, 12 and 17°C), but symptoms were most severe at 12°C. The percentage of plants with infected tubers did not increase after tuber initiation, although the amount of S. subterranea DNA detected in tubers and the severity of powdery scab symptoms increased in mature plants. Latent tuber infections were found to be common, especially under conditions suboptimal for disease development. This new information may be important for the prevention of powdery scab in potato-growing areas around the world.     

柑橘果实膳食纤维的研究

以柠檬、玉环柚、椪柑、脐橙、温州蜜柑和胡柚为试材,测定了果皮和果肉中总膳食纤维(TDF)、不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)、水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)、中性洗涤剂纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤剂纤维(ADF)、纤维素(CEL)、半纤维素(HC)、木质素(Lignin)、总果胶(TP)、原果胶(Protopectin)和水溶解性果胶(WSP)含量。以柚和温州蜜柑为试材,分别测定了不同的发育阶段膳食纤维及其具体组分的含量,总结了不同发育阶段果实膳食纤维的变化情况。结果表明,除柠檬和脐橙果肉的SDF含量稍多于果皮中含量外,其他各组分均是果皮中的含量大于果肉。除果皮中TDF和IDF的品种间变异较小外,其它组分在品种间的变异均较大。除HC外,各组分在果肉中的变异均大于果皮。柠檬果实中TDF、SDF、NDF、ADF、CEL、木质素和WSP含量都高于其它柑橘类水果。柚和温州蜜柑TDF和IDF随着果实的成熟而有所下降,但降幅不明显;而SDF则随着发育阶段的推移而渐渐增加。     

灌浆期复水对冬小麦根、冠生长及其相互关系的影响研究

以冬小麦品种北农6号为材料，研究了灌浆期复水对冬小麦生长的影响。结果表明，前期受旱程度不同的植株灌浆期恢复供水后，其株高、单株叶面积、生物量及产量等都超过相应的干旱对照，表现出明显的补偿生长效应。同时，各复水处理与对照相比，分配到冠部的干物质比例均增加，R／S下降。中度水分亏缺后充分供水的处理，可以在少减产的情况下节约大量用水，从而达到节水的目的。     

Deposition of spray liquid on the soil below cereal crops after applications during the growing season

The aim of this study was to investigate how big a proportion of the spray liquid applied in a typical application was deposited on the soil surface below the crop. From an agronomical point of view this part of the spray is an undesirable loss of foliar acting pesticides during application and it also constitutes a primary source of leaching and surface run‐off. The investigation was carried out during 1998–2001 in winter wheat and in spring barley. Applications were carried out at approximate intervals of 10 days during the whole growing season in the two cereal crops. The results showed that a high proportion of the spray liquid reaches the soil below the crop during applications at early growth stages corresponding to the growth stages where weed control on farms is carried out. At later growth stages soil deposition declined and reached values below 5% of the applied dose in winter wheat after inflorescence emergence (50–59 BBCH). The spring barley crops remained more open and minimum soil deposit values were approximately 15% of the applied dose at growth stages (50–59 BBCH). During ripening soil deposition values increased again as crop cover decreased.     

孤雌产雌食胚赤眼蜂高温敏感阶段的研究

胞内共生菌Wolbachia可诱导赤眼蜂产雌孤雌生殖,而高温可使感染Wolbachia的赤眼蜂产雄比例增加。本文以感染Wolbachia孤雌产雌生殖的食胚赤眼蜂Trichogramma embryophagum为材料,采用30℃和35℃高温处理卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫等不同发育阶段的虫体,统计子代蜂发育历期、寄生数、羽化率和性比。结果表明,与25℃对照相比,高温缩短了子代蜂各发育阶段的历期,其中蛹、成虫和全世代历期显著缩短。处理的发育阶段和持续时间不同,子代的出雄率不同,而且随着处理时间的延长,对食胚赤眼蜂子代的寄生和羽化有一定的影响。基于高温处理后子代出雄率指标分析,F₃代卵和幼虫经高温处理后代子代雄蜂比率最高,达到了20.54%和23.78%,明显高于预蛹期和蛹期处理的雄蜂率。结果表明,高温处理后感染Wolbachia的食胚赤眼蜂生殖方式改变的敏感发育阶段为卵期和幼虫期,本研究可为进一步揭示Wolbachia调控赤眼蜂生殖的机理提供理论参考。     

灌溉量和灌溉时期对紫花苜蓿耗水特性和产量的影响

2008年通过第2茬苜蓿田间试验,研究了不同灌水量和灌水时期对紫花苜蓿耗水特性、鲜草产量及其水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量百分率的变异系数显著低于降水量占总耗水量百分率的变异系数,表明土壤贮水利用率的可调控幅度不是很大;适量灌溉的W3处理(灌水6次,灌水量100 mm)的灌水量、降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量的百分率分别为42.6%、45.67%和11.73%,灌水量多的W6处理(灌水6次,灌水量210 mm)分别为76.43%、39.01%和-15.44%,与W6处理相比,W3处理显著提高了土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量的百分率.灌水量均为100 mm的条件下,W3处理的耗水量显著高于W2处理(灌水3次),W3处理的耗水模式与苜蓿需水规律相吻合,这是其水分利用效率高的生理基础.     

Water-use efficiency and physiological responses of maize under partial root-zone irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) is a water-saving irrigation method but also can regulate crop physiological responses. This study investigated how water-use efficiency (WUE) and other physiological responses were regulated at different growth stages when maize plants were applied with APRI and how these responses were recovered to control levels when full irrigation was resumed. A pot experiment was carried out at two fertilization levels and with three irrigation methods at the jointing stage (29-38 days after sowing) or during the jointing and tasselling stages (29-77 days after sowing). The irrigation methods included the conventional irrigation (CI), APRI and fixed PRI (FPRI, watering was fixed to one side). Compared to the CI, APRI at the jointing stage for 10 days or during the jointing and tasselling stages for 49 days reduced water consumption by 10.6-12.9 and 31.7-32.4%, respectively, but did not reduce total dry mass accumulation significantly, thus increased canopy WUE by 10.4-13.6 and 41.2-41.8%, respectively. FPRI reduced the total dry mass significantly even though it also improved canopy WUE. APRI had slight effect on the leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (CAR), proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities from jointing to tasselling stages but recovery to the levels of CI was rapid after receiving full watering. In comparison, FPRI treatment significantly reduced leaf RWC, Chl and CAR contents and SOD and POD activities and increased the Pro and MAD contents. After receiving full watering, the above-mentioned physiological indexes in FPRI could not recover fully to the levels of CI. High fertilization treatment only increased leaf Chl content significantly and contributed little to the total dry mass accumulation. Our result suggests that APRI can make plants use water and nutrients more efficiently with better drought tolerance.     

不同灌溉梯度下冬小麦冠层温度与土壤水分关系研究

[目的]冠层温度是作物响应水分胁迫的重要指标,厘清小麦种植过程中冠层温度与土壤水分、周围环境因子之间的相互作用关系,对干旱监测、精准灌溉、智慧农业的发展有重要意义.[方法]文章采用温室试验,通过自动连续观测土壤含水量、作物冠层温度、环境因子,分析小麦拔节期在不同水分处理下冠层温度和土壤含水量的关系.[结果](1)小麦拔...     

黄淮麦区旱肥地小麦新品种(系)苗期抗旱性初步鉴定与分类

了解黄淮麦区旱肥地小麦节水新品种系的抗旱性,有利于小麦推广和在育种中的应用。以50份近年黄淮旱肥地小麦品种系为试验材料,在15%PEG-6000(聚乙二醇)溶液模拟干旱胁迫下,测定种子发芽率、苗高、叶绿素含量的变化,并进行抗旱性评价和分类。结果表明:胁迫条件下小麦种子发芽率、苗高与其苗期抗旱性显著相关;50份材料分为4类,分别为4份高抗旱型种质(D值为0.8255～0.9980),10份抗旱型种质(D值为0.6516～0.7270),28份干旱敏感型种质(D值为0.4941～0.6354),8份干旱高敏感型种质(D值为0.3079～0.4676);相较于平均隶属函数值评价抗旱性,采用D值大小评价并结合最长距离法系统聚类分析,可以比较合理、直观地呈现分类结果。据此,实验明确了在15%PEG-6000胁迫下,发芽率、苗高可以作为评价苗期抗旱能力的主要指标;区分了50份不同品种系的抗旱性,可为抗旱节水品种选育、推广提供依据。