Estimating understory vegetation response to multi-nutrient fertilization in Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine stands

Models were developed to predict understory vegetation response to multi-nutrient fertilization at six conifer-forested stands in the inland Northwest United States. Equations are presented to estimate how fertilization as well as other factors impacting understory production in the inland Northwest change total understory vegetation production and the production of three individual lifeforms (shrubs, forbs, and grasses and grass-likes). Overstory stand density was found to have the greatest impact on understory production, and regardless of factors such as fertilization or precipitation, large stand densities will limit understory production. At lower stand densities, multi-nutrient fertilization as well as greater amounts of precipitation will increase understory production. These factors were also found to be synergistic; thus, greater amounts of precipitation increase the effects of multi-nutrient fertilization on understory production. For sites of the same stand density, Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] was shown to have a greater negative impact on understory production than ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.). The models predict that multi-nutrient fertilization of ponderosa pine stands will produce increases in understory production across a broader range of stand densities.     

广西冬季2次农业致灾暴雨天气湿位涡分析

为了提高冬季暴雨预报准确率,及时为政府和人民提供准确的预报服务,减少农业生产的损失,利用自动站雨量资料以及NECP FNL分析资料分别对广西冬季两次农业致灾暴雨2016年1月27—28日和2013年12月13—16日进行实况分析、天气学分析和湿位涡诊断分析。结果表明：暴雨发生在MPV1正值区前侧的负值区或0值附近和MPV2负值中心南侧的低值区内。MPV1和MPV2对两类降水落区均具有一定的指示意义,但MPV1中心不能决定锋面暴雨降水落区却对降水具有潜势预报,MPV2对强降水的发生有一定的提前预报。MPV等值线密集区,冷暖空气交汇强烈有利于水汽辐合、垂直涡度发展易产生暴雨。     

中国西北内陆地区新生代孢粉植物群演化的再认识

结合我国西北地区已发表的最新古地磁研究成果,对该区16个新生代沉积盆地的孢粉组合重新进行了总结,以期发现孢粉植物群演化的规律,并修正对我国西北地区古气候和古环境的认识。     

基于多级模糊综合评价法的内河运输可持续发展能力评价研究

内河运输可持续系统是一个新而复杂的概念,对其评价研究具有重要的理论意义和现实意义;通过回顾国内外在运输与内河运输生态可持续性方面的相关研究,应用多级模糊综合评价法进行了综合评价。结果表明:在评价过程中,应用模糊综合评价法,能将各种因素综合进行考虑,降低了加权平均评价主观臆断的程度,评价结果较传统的二元值评价准确、科学,同时,计算方法简单,易操作,便于在实际工作中应用,保证了评价工作的适用性和可操作性。     

不同规模农户生产技术效率及灌溉用水效率差异研究-- 基于内陆干旱区农户微观调查数据

水资源短缺已成为制约内陆干旱区农业生产和经济社会可持续发展的关键因子。然而农户生产技术效率不高、灌溉用水效率低下、水资源浪费严重已成为不争事实。为此,基于农户这一微观视角,运用实证调查和定量分析相结合的方法,在黑河中游选择典型区域的甘肃省民乐县和临泽县进行了调查研究。结果表明,农户生产技术效率远高于其灌溉用水效率,民乐县和临泽县总体样本农户的平均生产效率分别为83.82%和83.16%,而其平均灌溉用水效率分别为24.54%和22.16%。这表明在现有技术条件和生产要素投入不变的情况下,若消除效率损失,民乐县小麦的单位产出可能增加16.18%,临泽县制种玉米的单位产出可能增加16.84%;同时也表明相对于现有生产条件下可行的最小水投入量,民乐县被访农户的小麦生产浪费了75.46%的水资源,临泽县被访农户的制种玉米生产浪费了77.84%的水资源。结果再次显示,农户生产低效主要是由生产技术非效率因素引起的,民乐县这一因素占73.45%,其余26.55%是农户控制不了的因素引起的;临泽县该因素占76.58%,农户控制不了的因素占23.42%。而且,不同经营规模农户生产技术效率和灌溉用水效率差异性明显。农户生产技术效率与经营规模呈现"倒U型",农户经营规模与其灌溉用水效率呈现同向变动趋势。最后就如何提高农户用水效率提出了几点政策措施。     

绥芬河马苏大麻哈鱼陆封型种群生态学特征及资源保护

本文报道黑龙江水系名贵经济鱼类马苏大麻哈鱼陆封型种群生态学。通过57尾标本，对其捕捞群体体长体重组成、年龄与生长、第二性征、性比、肥满度、成熟系娄及摄食等主要生态学特征进行研究，并提出繁殖保护措施。     

Dynamics of Iron Oxides in Two Benchmark Inland Valley Soils and Rice Grain Yields in Nigeria

An investigation was conducted on two contrasting inland valley soils (Fluvauents and Tropaquents) over two cropping seasons (1993, 1994, and 1995) in two benchmark wetlands in Nigeria, and the contents and dynamics of iron (Fe) forms (active and organic) were examined when two different rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars (‘ITA 212’ and ‘Suakoko 8’) were planted. Results showed that active Fe ranged between 0.96 and 3.16% on Fluvaquents and between 1.57 and 4.73% on Tropaquents; organic Fe, on the other hand, ranged between 0.05 and 2.84% (Fluvaquent) and between 0.60 and 2.38% (Tropaquents). Dynamics of the two Fe forms did not follow any clear pattern in the two cropping seasons on both soil types. On Fluvaquents, grain yields (GY) ranged between 2.40 and 3.46 t/ha (‘ITA 212’) and between 2.35 and 3.15t/ha (‘Suakoko 8’). Similarly, on Tropaquents, the GY ranged between 0.68 and 2.13 t/ha (‘ITA 212’) and between 0.61 and 2.11 t/ha (‘Suakoko 8’). Generally, the GY on Fluvaquents was higher than on Tropaquents and declined in the second cropping seasons. Results further showed that active Fe is significantly negatively correlated with GYs of rice. Critical active Fe and organic Fe contents for lowland rice on these soils were 2.90 and 1.80%, respectively.     

Food organisms and feeding habits of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at Ohama Beach in Hiuchi-Nada, the central Seto Inland Sea, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The abundance of food organisms and feeding habits of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder were examined during the period from May to August in 1999, 2000 and 2001 at the sandy Ohama beach, the central Seto Inland Sea. The food organisms collected with a sledge net consisted of 40 families from 18 orders, dominated by mysids, crangonids and gammarids. The mean densities of mysids, crangonid shrimp ( Crangon spp.), gammarids and fish were 2.74, 6.74, 2.91 and 0.15 individuals/m², respectively. The main prey of the flounder ( n  = 202; range of total length 9.80–75.95 mm) was mysids and small crangonid shrimp (<14 mm in body length). Prey fish availability was low, as the density of fish was low. The small crangonid shrimp was abundant, and the large crangonid shrimp, which could prey on larval flounder, was not abundant. The crangonid shrimp was important not as a predator for the flounder but as prey. The flounder preferred epifaunal mysids, Nipponomysis ornata and Anisomysis ijimai , to sand-burrowing mysids, Iiella oshimai , and avoided crangonid shrimp.     

试论内陆河流域水资源费的构成与确定

内陆河流域水资源的分布特征与利用条件在不同地区间的显著差异性，以及生态环境体系的极度脆弱等特点，决定了其水价政策不仅要具有经济杠杆作用，体现所有者的经济利益，而且要能有效地调节水资源在上、中、下游，在经济发展和生态环境维护之间的合理分配，同时还应具有在时空及水质方面的可伸缩性。     

Effect of varying dietary protein levels on growth and production of Chanos chanos (Forsskal) in inland saline groundwater: laboratory and field studies

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying dietary protein (35–45%) and energy levels (17.34–19.44 kJ g⁻¹) on the growth performance of milkfish (Chanos chanos) maintained under laboratory (experiment 1) and field conditions (Experiment 2) in inland saline groundwater. The results of experiment 1 (initial weight of fish: 0.25 g) revealed that, irrespective of the protein source (fish meal or processed full fat soybean), fish fed a diet containing 40% protein showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth in terms of live weight gain and specific growth rate, low feed conversion ratio [1.71 (fish meal) and 1.58 (soybean)], high nutrient retention (gross protein retention: 28.59 and 31.05%; gross energy retention: 24.23 and 26.04%), apparent protein digestibility (81.74 and 85.91%) and digestive enzyme activity (specific protease and amylase). An observation on the postprandial excretion of metabolites (N–NH₄ and o–PO₄) indicated significantly (p<0.05) low levels of these metabolites in aquaria where the fish were fed 40% dietary protein irrespective of the protein source. The results of experiment 2 also indicate (initial weight of fish: 4.43 g) a significantly (p<0.05) higher growth performance (weight gain, biomass, specific growth rate, growth day⁻¹ and fish production) in ponds where the fish were fed 40% dietary protein. Irrespective of the experimental conditions (laboratory/field), feeding the fish higher dietary protein levels (beyond 40%) not only repressed growth performance but also affected proximate composition by lowering protein accumulation and energy assimilation. An investigation on the effects of feeds on water quality parameters revealed that values for total alkalinity, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, turbidity, total dissolved solids and parameters indicative of productivity (chlorophyll a, net primary productivity and plankton population) increased significantly (p<0.05) from treatments 1–3 (35–40% protein) and declined thereafter, in treatment 4 (42% dietary protein), indicating that water quality characteristics correlated well with fish growth. The results suggest that in order to obtain a high-yield in milkfish culture system the fish should be fed supplementary diets containing appropriate (40%) protein levels, especially when the stocking rates are high.