土壤结构组成对K+运移障碍因子的定量研究

With six packed columns composed of <1 μm and 5 μm~0.25 mm fractions from an Eum-Orthic Anthrosol (Columns 1~6) and one column of the Eum-Orthic Anthrosol (Column 7), K⁺ transport experiments under the condition of saturated steady water flow were conducted to qualify the effects of soil texture composition on the retardation factor (R) of K⁺ transport. The results showed that the retardation factor of K⁺ transport in the tested soil columns greatly increased with increasing clay contents. In an attempt to use pedo-transfer function (PTF) approach in the solute transport study, a preliminary PTF was established through the six packed columns (Columns 1~6) with soil basic data including soil bulk density, volumetric water content and clay content to predict the retardation factor, and proved valid by the satisfactory prediction of R in Column 7.     

Phylogeny and nodulation signal molecule of rhizobial populations able to nodulate common beans—other than the predominant species Rhizobium etli—present in soils from the northwest of Argentina

We examined the bean rhizobia community other than the predominant species Rhizobium etli present in soils of a region that is part of the range occupied by the host in Northwest Argentina, which showed Rep and 16S rDNA RFLP polymorphism. Two populations represented by isolates T29N3L and T44N22P were found to be distinct chromosomal genotypes and closely related to species Rhizobium tropici and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Their symbiotic genes were analyzed and found to cluster with those from R. tropici as well as with rhizobia isolated from leguminous trees. Three nodulation metabolites produced by T44N22P were detected which are tetra- and pentameric chitocompounds, N-methylated, O-carbamoylated, and N-substituted either by a C_18:0 or C_18:1 acyl chain at their non-reducing end, and all them sulphated at the reducing end. Isolates T29N3L and T44N22P exhibited broad host range but unlike T29N3L, only T44N22P was able to efficiently nodulate Medicago truncatula.     

晋西黄土区基于地形因子的土壤水分分异规律研究

以山西省吉县蔡家川小流域典型梁峁坡面为研究对象,在研究区共布设313个土壤水分监测点,用TDR测定土壤(0~30cm,30~60cm)水分,经克立格(kriging)插值得到了研究区土壤水分分布图,并与基于数字高程模型(DEM)提取的研究区域坡向、坡度、高程3个地形因子分布图叠加,生成土壤水分与地形因子相对应的数据库,用以分析坡面尺度地形因子对土壤水分的影响情况及基于地形因子的土壤水分分异规律。通过主成分分析得出:地形因子对土壤水分影响的次序依次为坡向>高程>坡度。通过对坡向和坡度聚类分析得出:影响土壤水分分异的坡向可分为两类,即292.5°~360°(0°)~112.5°(阴坡),112.5°~292.5°(阳坡);影响土壤水分分异的坡度分为:5°~20°,20°~35°两类。依据坡度和坡向的分类结果,分别拟合土壤水分和地形因子的函数关系,求出不同坡度、坡向土壤水分的关系系数:若假定坡度为5°~20°、坡向为阴坡时,土壤水分关系系数为1,则坡度为5°~20°、坡向为时阳坡时土壤水分关系系数为0.99,坡度20°~35°、坡向为阴坡时土壤水分关系系数是0.82,坡度20°~35°、坡向为阳坡时土壤水分关系系数为0.8。     

风沙过渡区土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析--以陕北榆阳区为例

在GIS技术的支持下，依据土地利用动态度模型、区域差异模型和土地利用程度模型，全面分析了榆林市榆阳区1988～2001年土地利用的时空变化，并对土地利用变化的驱动因素进行了详尽分析。结果表明：林地、园地、耕地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地均呈增长趋势，未利用地、牧草地和水域星减少趋势113年来，榆阳区土地利用变化速度较快，年变化率为0．45％。大于榆林市的土地利用变化速度；榆阳区土地利用变化存在着显著的区域差异；榆阳区土地利用处于发展期，并在榆林市的土地利用变化中发展较快。榆阳区土地利用变化过程中。自然因素的作用并不明显，社会、经济、技术等人文因素则在短期内具有决定性的影响。其中以总人口、工业总产值、乡镇企业个数和城市化水平等因子的作用最大。     

沿海拔梯度分布的柑橘园中土壤肥力因子与丛枝菌根共生体的关系

Arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) symbionts are able to greatly affect soil fertility. However, the relationships between AM symbiosis development levels and citrus mycorrhizosphere soil fertility remain weakly known in field. In our study, AM colonization, spore density, hyphal length density, and glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP) content in citrus(Robertson naval orange grafted on Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchards along an altitudinal gradient were investigated seasonally in southern China. The results showed that AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae fluctuated significantly in different seasons and altitudes. The highest AM colonization(83.03%) was observed in orchards at 200 m above sea level in summer, spore density(16.8 spores g-1soil) in orchards at 400 m in autumn, and hyphal length density(2.36 m g-1soil) in orchards at 600 m orchards in summer; while the lowest values(43.60%, 2.7 spores g-1soil and 0.52 m g-1soil of AM colonization, spore density, and hyphal length density, respectively) were all observed in orchards at 800 m in winter. Correlation analyses demonstrated that the soil properties such as soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable N, available P, and p H were significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with either citrus total AM colonization or the abundances of spore and hyphae. GRSP was significantly(P < 0.05) positively correlated with soil organic matter and p H.Redundancy analysis supported that soil environmental factors such as altitude, GRSP, soil organic matter, and alkali-hydrolyzable N severely(Monte Carlo permutation tests, P = 0.002) influenced AM colonization and abundances of spore and hyphae in citrus orchards. Our data demonstrated that soil environmental factors are vital in determining AM symbiosis development in citrus orchards.     

循环经济作用机理探讨

从循环经济的内在本质、经济本质及其社会特征、核心作用和关键环节等角度,初步探讨了循环经济的作用机理。     

Heavy Metal and Arsenic Profiles in Ombrogenous Peat Cores from Four Differently Loaded Areas in Finland

The concentrations and vertical distribution of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and As were studied in four different ombrotrophic peat bogs with varying heavy metal loads at Hietajärvi, Outokumpu, Harjavalta and Alkkia in Finland. At each site a peat sample (15 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm) was taken using a Titanium Wardenaar corer, and the samples were cut into 5 cm slices. Dried and milled samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mean concentrations of the elements were at their highest at Harjavalta (the most polluted area), apart from Cu which had the highest value at the Cu-treated site at Alkkia. Cu concentrations were above the lowest effective limit (LOEL) on all the plots except for the background plot at Hietajärvi. The maximum Cu values were reached in the topmost 20 cm layer, indicating the effects of mining and smelting activities. The highest Zn and Ni concentrations occurred in the 0–40 cm layer. At all sites, the maximum Pb concentrations were located between 10 and 50 cm. However, the Pb concentrations were higher at Alkkia and Harjavalta than at Outokumpu and Hietajärvi, indicating anthropogenic sources of Pb at the former sites. The As concentration was also the highest in the uppermost peat layers. The mean concentrations were markedly lower in the deeper layers (40–80 cm) than in the upper layers.     

溴虫腈与哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨的联合作用

为明确溴虫腈与哒螨灵的联合杀螨活性,采用玻片浸渍法测定了溴虫腈与哒螨灵不同配比混剂对朱砂叶螨雌成螨的杀螨活性,并以共毒因子法和共毒系数法评价混剂的增效作用。结果表明,溴虫腈和哒螨灵对朱砂叶螨雌成螨处理后24 h的致死中质量浓度(LC50)分别为8.80、17.69mg/L;溴虫腈与哒螨灵的质量比为49∶51、47∶53、45∶55时增效最明显,对朱砂叶螨处理后24 h的共毒系数分别为177.94、178.49、173.73,LC50分别为6.65、6.72、7.00 mg/L,其毒力分别是哒螨灵的2.66倍、2.63倍、2.53倍。因此,45%~49%溴虫腈与51%~55%哒螨灵混合具有显著的增效作用。     

农民专业合作社营销能力评价分析——基于新疆75 家合作社的调查数据

首先提出了评价农民专业合作社营销能力的指标和方法,然后基于新疆75家合作社的调研数据,对其营销能力进行评价分析.结果表明,尽管合作社数量不断增长,但销售产品的宣传促销能力较差,合作社生产产品的深加工能力及分销能力不强,产品品牌能力有待进一步提高.建议合作社经营过程中应加强农产品营销理念,提高农产品附加值,增强合作社营销能力.     

线纹海马渊H ipp ocamp us erectus 冤不同养殖密度下 体理化因子和细菌数量的动态变化

研究线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)在室内水泥池不同养殖密度下,水体环境因子和细菌数量的动态变化情况.结果表明,在一个倒池换水周期中,养殖组1和养殖组2的磷酸磷(pO434-p)、硝酸氮(NO3--N)、亚硝酸氮(NO2--N)和氨氮(NH4+-N)等离子物质的浓度和细菌、弧菌和异养菌数量均随着养殖时间的推移不断上升,通常在换水后9d或12d达到最高,再次换水后降到极低值.单因素方差分析结果表明,在不同养殖密度下,PO43--p、NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N等离子浓度随着养殖密度的升高而升高;而低密度养殖池中细菌数比高密度养殖池的细菌数显著更高.养殖水体中的pO43--p浓度与异养细菌数呈负相关关系,NO2--N浓度与细菌数量和弧菌数呈正相关关系,NO3--N浓度与细菌数、异养菌数和弧菌数呈负相关关系,NH4+-N浓度与细菌数、异养菌数和弧菌数均呈正相关关系.研究结果可为科学开展海马室内规模化养殖提供理论参考.