封闭流水式网箱养殖混合供电系统设计

封闭流水式网箱养殖优点是零排放无污染,符合环保养殖要求,缺点是水质容易恶化,水交换与排污能耗大。为了降低能耗并确保设备正常运行,研发太阳能-市电-柴油发电机混合供电系统。基于蓄电池充放电特性,采用最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)和数字信号处理(DSP)技术实现太阳能智能充放电控制与保护,应用双电源自动转换开关技术实现有序混合供电。太阳能月均发电量250 k W·h,日均供电8.3 k W·h,满足负载日均耗电6.6~8.8 k W·h要求。结果表明,在阳光充足情况下,以太阳能供电为主;当出现连续阴雨天气情况下,供电顺序为蓄电池(充满状态可放电3~4 h)、市电、柴油发电机。随着太阳能系统性价比的提高,节能效果将更加明显。     

内导叶滚筒式收鱼机设计与实验

针对深海域网箱养殖人工收鱼效率低、且劳动强度大,吸鱼泵等传统收鱼装置鱼损率高、需要装备大功率发电系统、不适合中小型收鱼船作业等问题设计了内导叶滚筒式收鱼机。对该装置的主体结构进行仿真,确定了主体结构发生最大等效应力和应力集中的位置,根据仿真结果进一步优化结构,并试制了实验装置。通过实验得出最优控制方案,即在倾角10°、转速15.3r/min情况下,有效输送量与功耗比最优,且滚筒在不同倾角下最优转速为15r/min,实验鱼损率为0.1%,满足用户要求。该装置能在保证一定收鱼效率的同时降低鱼损率,适合中小型渔船收鱼作业。     

Design and performance of recirculating aquaculture system for marine finfish broodstock development

Tropical and subtropical climatic conditions in India present an ideal and unique opportunity for being the leader in tropical marine finfish aquaculture. However, the problem persist due to non-availability of marine finfish seed for the culture. In response to this problem, broodstock development of different tropical marine finfishes for seed production was started. The present study was undertaken to design a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and studying their performance in managing the various water quality required for the marine finfish broodstock development and breeding. The design of RAS, developed in the present study, included a broodstock tank, egg collection chamber, electrical pump, rapid sand filter, venturi type protein skimmer and biological filter. Two RAS were designed, one was stocked with a demersal fish species, orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and the other was stocked with a pelagic fish species, Indian pompano (Trachinotus mookalee) at the rate 1 and 0.5 kg/m³ with a sex ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (female: male) respectively. Various physio-chemical parameters, viz, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, temperature, free carbon dioxide (CO₂) and dissolved oxygen (DO) of both tank water were analyzed to assess the performance of recirculating aquaculture system in maintaining the water quality. Gonadal development of the fishes was assessed and the spawning performance was recorded and finally, economic performance of the system was also evaluated. During the entire experimental period, mean monthly total ammonia nitrogen was less than 0.07 and 0.06 mg L⁻¹ and mean monthly nitrite was less than 0.02 and 0.01 mg L⁻¹ in orange spotted grouper and Indian pompano RAS tanks respectively. The pH (7.8–8.2), DO (>4 mg/L) and alkalinity (100–120 mg/L) were found to be in optimum range in both recirculating aquaculture systems. Carbon dioxide was found to be nil during the entire experimental period in both the systems. In fact these levels were comparable or less than that is reported as the permissible limits for broodstock development. Indian pompano and Orange spotted grouper matured and spawning was obtained with production of fertilized eggs round the year. Economic evaluation showed the price of 10,000 fertilized eggs of orange spotted grouper to be US $ 1.33. The design of RAS devised in the present study is efficient in controlling and maintaining optimum water quality for broodstock development of both demersal and pelagic finfishes. The fishes stocked in RAS attained final maturation and round the year spawning was obtained.     

Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

The future of genetic engineering to provide essential dietary nutrients and improve growth performance in aquaculture: Advantages and challenges

Advancements in gene technology in recent years have been driving the aquaculture industry forward. Improvements in growth performance, feed efficiency, and omega‐3 content are goals of the industry that could capitalize on applications of genetic engineering. One of the major challenges in the industry is to reduce the use of fish meal and oil, to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture. The recent development of genetically engineered feed ingredients is one potential solution to the looming problem of fish meal and oil dependency. Furthermore, the development of transgenic fish has potential to improve production efficiency and other future desirable characteristics that relate to feed utilization and product quality. New gene technologies are beginning to revolutionize how we produce our food, and in aquaculture, will ultimately reduce pressure on wild fish stocks, help to preserve natural aquatic ecosystems, and improve nutritional profiles of farmed fish for human consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current applications of genetic engineering technology to improve aquaculture through nutrition, including the development and use of transgenic feed ingredients, transgenic fish, and ultimately their impacts on nutrition, product quality, and consumers.     

主要养殖鲟鱼的生物学及养殖前景

鲟鱼是世界上最古老的鱼类之一,现存鲟鱼种数有２５～２６种。由于多年的酷渔滥捕和生态环境恶化,鲟鱼资源日益衰退。１９９０年世界鲟鱼产量为２万ｙ,１９９３年下降到１万ｔ。本文作者综述了鲟鱼类的起源、地理分布、生态习性和生物学特性,分析和讨论了开展鲟鱼养殖应注意的问题及鲟鱼的养殖前景。     

基于灰色关联分析的海南省农业产业结构优化研究

以2009—2019年海南省农业内部各产业经济数据为样本,采用灰色关联分析法,对当地农业产业结构进行研究。结果表明:海南省农业产业结构同国内外农业产业结构演进趋势相比,存在一定的不足;海南省农业内部各产业与海南省农业总增加值和农民年人均可支配收入均存在极大的相关性,其中牧业与农业总增加值、农林牧渔服务业与农民年人均可支配收入的关联度最高。结合研究结论,提出海南省进一步优化农业内部产业结构建议,以期为海南省优化农业产业结构提供参考。     

山西小杂粮竞争优势与产业发展研究

(山西农业大学经贸学院,山西太谷 030801)     

四种填料滤器处理养鱼废水的硝化性能

为了研究不同填料对海水养殖废水处理的硝化效能,并为生物滤器硝化动力学模型的构建、生物滤器的设计与管理提供基础数据支持,本文在5个化学耗氧量/总氨氮比0、0.8、2、6、12条件下,研究了竹制空心生化球、麦饭石、陶粒和生物滤球等4种填料的生物滤器去除模拟海水养殖废水中化学需氧量和总氨氮,以及生物膜微生物种群结构和数量的变化。结果表明：在低化学需氧量/总氨氮（＜6）条件下麦饭石填料的生物滤器具有最高的化学需氧量和总氨氮去除效能,最高分别可达850和21 g/(m3·d)（化学需氧量/总氨氮=0.8）;竹制空心     

基于GF-3全极化SAR影像多特征优选的水产养殖塘提取

高分三号作为中国首颗民用高分辨率多极化合成孔径雷达卫星,为水产养殖用地监测提供了重要的数据源.为了充分利用GF-3全极化SAR影像,该研究提出了一种基于特征优选的全极化SAR影像养殖塘提取方法.首先通过极化分解和灰度共生矩阵方法共获取了55维特征;然后对影像进行多尺度分割,并利用随机森林-递归特征消除(Random F...