基于图像特征选择识别田间籽棉品级

依据中国籽棉品级文字标准,在HSI颜色空间提取了反映籽棉颜色和杂质含量的14个纹理特征以及反映棉瓣大小、结构的16个形状特征,该特征集存在维数灾难,需要进行降维。面向籽棉品级识别的特征选择问题属于非多项式(NP)难题,该文基于交叉验证、混合Filter-Wrapper和启发式搜索提出了一种求解算法。首先,以最优特征组合和浮动搜索为启发式搜索策略,基于10-折交叉验证在每一个训练集上用Filter启发式搜索最优l维特征子集（l=1, 2, 3,…, 30）,评价函数为类可分性准则;其次,在10个训练集上用Wrapper从最优l维特征子集中选择最优特征子集的容量（l=1,2,3,…,30）,评价函数为Bayes分类器的误分率,10个验证集的平均误分率极小处产生最优特征子集的容量;最后,在最优特征子集容量处验证预测集的平均误分率。结果表明,所选择的10个最优特征子集在预测集上的平均识别率为88.39%,混合Filter-Wrapper和浮动搜索的特征选择算法效率高、效果好。     

有效降水指数在暴雨洪涝监测和评估中的应用

科学有效的监测和评估是防范和减轻暴雨洪涝灾害的重要基础。基于有效降水指数(EP)构建单站和区域暴雨洪涝监测、评估指标,利用1961-2014年湖北省76站逐日气象观测资料及相关灾情资料,确定降水衰减参数及致涝阈值,在此基础上分析EP指数在历史暴雨洪涝评估及实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中的应用效果。结果表明：经参数率定后的EP指数对农作物洪涝受灾面积的解释方差达78.1%,对年际间暴雨洪涝强度差异反应敏感,能识别历史典型大涝年和严重洪涝年,在2014年实时暴雨洪涝过程监测中能直观诊断出一般性暴雨洪涝的起止时间和过程动态变化,但对局地性和间歇性发生的暴雨洪涝过程刻画不足。创建EP指数所需数据资料少、计算简便,可用于洪涝灾害历史排位、年景评价、灾情预评估、风险区划以及作物产量建模等。     

小麦盐应答基因TaSR1的生物信息学鉴定及表达验证

为发掘小麦盐应答相关基因,利用Genevestigator在线生物信息学程序,分析了25个试验中118个样品的盐胁迫试验的转录组数据,筛选到2个盐应答候选基因。以中国春小麦为试验材料,将其三叶一心期幼苗根系置于200mmol·L~(-1)的NaCl溶液中,分别处理0、0.5、1、2、4和8h,分析候选基因的表达模式。结果表明,其中1个候选基因的表达模式与生物信息学分析结果相近,受盐胁迫诱导明显上调表达,命名为TaSR1。该基因编码区含有948个核苷酸,编码315个氨基酸。TaSR1蛋白含有KRTAP和PHA01732两个保守结构域,富含脯氨酸残基。     

Genomic prediction for yields,processing and nutritional quality traits in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Current potato breeding approaches are hampered by several factors including costly seed tubers, tetrasomic inheritance and inbreeding depression. Genomic selection (GS) demonstrated interesting results regardless of the ploidy level, and can be harnessed to circumvent these problems. In this work, three GS models were evaluated using 50,107 informative SilicoDArT markers and 11 traits in two values for cultivation and use (VCU) potato trials. Two key breeding problems modelled included predicting the performance of (i) new and unphenotyped clones (cross‐validation) and (ii) a VCU using another as training set (TS). GS models performed comparably. Cross‐validation accuracy was high for D35, D45, DMW and BVAL, in ascending order. Prediction accuracies of the VCUs were highly correlated, but the best prediction was obtained for the smaller VCU using the bigger as TS. Cross‐validation and VCU prediction accuracies were higher when bigger TSs were used. The findings herein indicate that GS can be attractively integrated in potato breeding, particularly in early clonal generations to predict and select for traits with low heritability which would otherwise require more testing years, environments and resources.     

Impact of land‐use intensity on the relationships between vegetation indices,photosynthesis and biomass of intensively and extensively managed grassland fens

Vegetation indices are widely used as model inputs and for non‐destructive estimation of biomass and photosynthesis, but there have been few validation studies of the underlying relationships. To test their applicability on temperate fens and the impact of management intensity, we investigated the relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), brown and green above‐ground biomass and photosynthesis potential (PP). Only the linear relationship between NDVI and PP was management independent (R² = 0·53). LAI to PP was described by a site‐specific and negative logarithmic function (R² = 0·07–0·68). The hyperbolic relationship of LAI versus NDVI showed a high residual standard error (s.e.) of 1·71–1·84 and differed between extensive and intensive meadows. Biomass and LAI correlated poorly (R² = 0·30), with high species‐specific variability. Intensive meadows had a higher ratio of LAI to biomass than extensive grasslands. The fraction of green to total biomass versus NDVI showed considerable noise (s.e. = 0·13). These relationships were relatively weak compared with results from other ecosystems. A likely explanation could be the high amount of standing litter, which was unevenly distributed within the vegetation canopy depending on the season and on the timing of cutting events. Our results show there is high uncertainty in the application of the relationships on temperate fen meadows. For reliable estimations, management intensity needs to be taken into account and several direct measurements throughout the year are required for site‐specific correction of the relationships, especially under extensive management. Using NDVI instead of LAI could reduce uncertainty in photosynthesis models.     

柔性铰链放大的叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器建模与实验

为满足新型电液伺服阀的驱动要求,设计了柔性铰链放大的叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器(FASGMA),建立了FASGMA输出位移模型,并进行了实验验证和分析。首先,根据传统GMA偏磁施加方式的特点和不足,采用永磁体和GMM棒交替排布的结构形式,设计了叠堆式超磁致伸缩致动器(SGMA),并利用柔性铰链机构放大其输出位移;然后,根据SGMA的结构特点,建立了反映轴向分布不均匀性的SGMA应变模型;接着,利用力学基本原理和有限元法对柔性铰链机构的放大比和固有频率进行了分析,提出了结构优化设计的方法,完成了放大机构结构参数的确定;在此基础上,考虑SGMA与放大机构的相互作用以及SGMA轴向应变分布规律,建立了FASGMA多自由度位移模型,确定了自由度的合理取值;最后,搭建了FASGMA测试系统,进行了阶跃和正弦激励实验,完成了模型验证。结果表明:实验与模型计算结果吻合,证明了模型准确性;在阶跃激励下,FASGMA最大位移约为130μm,响应时间约为70 ms;正弦激励下,FASGMA工作频带为60 Hz,对激励信号有较好的跟随特性。     

4LZ—2.0型联合收获机割台模态分析

为建立准确的联合收获机割台有限元模型,获取完备的结构动态特性,进行碧浪4LZ-2.0型联合收获机割台的试验模态分析,利用ModalVIEW软件识别各阶模态参数,同时利用UG软件进行割台有限元模态分析,得到了各阶计算模态,计算了试验模态的MAC值,并通过所测模态数据对比验证了所建立割台有限元模型的正确性.     

MODIS/FAPAR在呼伦贝尔草原区的精度验证与分析

验证MODIS/FAPAR产品在温性草原地区的精度,以提高NPP估算精度,为区域碳平衡监测及合理安排草地畜牧业生产提供服务。该文选取两块2 km×2 km温性草甸类草地设计和进行FAPAR实测试验。以分辨率为32 m的北 京-1号卫星遥感数据对样地进行异质性分析,然后进行尺度上推,利用地面实测数据对1km的MODIS/FAPAR草原地区产品进行验证。结果表明,在草地生长季,MODIS/FAPAR产品的草地FAPAR季节变化与实测FAPAR季节变化趋势基本一致,但总体要比实测FAPAR要高,针茅样地MODIS/FAPAR值比实测值要高约13.7%,羊草样地为18.7%。MODIS/FAPAR算法对于局部区域过于粗糙,对草地类型多样的中国来说,需更多的野外试验资料,以反演适合不同草地类型的FAPAR算法。     

喷嘴空化模型建立与有效性试验验证

提出了一种针对喷嘴孔内空化现象的数值计算模型——喷嘴空化模型,并进行了可视化试验以验证其模型有效性,其中喷嘴空化模型考虑了液相与气相之间相变、气泡动力学、湍流扰动及不凝性气体影响等诸多因素,并采用喷孔内空化数对相变速率方程进行了修正。将基于喷嘴空化模型的数值计算结果与试验结果及基于Schnerr-Sauer模型的计算结果进行对比分析,结果显示:在2种空化模均采用默认参数的前提下,喷嘴空化模型与Schnerr-Sauer模型计算所得喷孔内空化现象变化趋势均与试验结果吻合良好,即喷嘴孔内空化现象随喷射压力提高而加强,且在发展空化至超空化流态过渡过程中空化特征长度涨幅远高于其他流态过渡情况;喷嘴空化模型计算所得空化特征长度在各流态下均与试验结果吻合良好,Schnerr-Sauer模型计算空化特征长度则低于试验结果,两者与试验值的最大误差均发生在超空化阶段,其中喷嘴空化模型计算值为试验值的92%,Schnerr-Sauer模型计算值为试验值的65%。该结果表明,所建立喷嘴空化模型可用于较为准确地模拟喷嘴孔内空化现象的变化趋势及空化特征长度。     

利用ECMWF再分析数据验证PRECIS对中国区域气候的模拟能力

本文利用1979～1983年的ECMWF再分析数据作为准观测侧边界条件驱动Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS，验证PRECIS对中国区域的气候模拟能力。选择典型的观测站点北京模拟的日最高，最低气温、太阳短波总辐射和月均降水量与观测结果进行直接比较，显示：PRECIS具有很强的模拟地面气候季节变化的能力。全国740个台站的观测与模拟值的统计分析表明：尽管模拟的最高，最低气温在0℃附近有一‘锯齿’状的偏差，PRECIS能够很好地模拟全国范围最高，最低气温的型态分布特征；从全国范围看，模拟的降水值偏高，但显示出很强的模拟极端降水事件的能力；模拟的地面太阳短波总辐射与全国122个台站的观测结果的比较显示：PRECIS模拟的辐射值偏高，全国范围内约高22％。因此，当应用PRECIS输出结果进行气候变化的影响评价时，需要对模式的输出结果进行订正。