应用耗散结构理论分析地下水系统演化

地下水系统的演化是在天然或人为因素影响下,以新的宏观状态取代旧的宏观状态的耗散过程。提出基于耗散结构理论研究地下水系统演化机制的新思路。地下水系统是一个复杂的开放系统,其演化过程处于非平衡有序状态且不可逆,与地下水系统相关的各子系统之间的作用是非线性的,强烈的人为因素对地下水系统演变的影响显著。华北平原中部“冀枣衡”深层地下水漏斗是人类活动强烈干扰下地下水系统异常涨落的产物。大规模超量开采地下水导致衡水市地下水动力场、水化学场和含水介质空间结构变异等问题,地下水系统进入人为活动强烈干扰下的新的演化时期。     

Influence of recurrent selection for flowering on flowering and yields in kura clover

Summary These investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of first- and second-season selection programs for increasing forage and seed yield in kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.).Rhizo kura clover, the base population, was grown as spaced plants in two programs for six generations of selection for flowering in the seedling and second seasons. Remnant seed for each generation of selection was used to establish spaced plant and broadcast evaluation trials.The first-season selection program was effective in increasing flowering not only in the first season, but for two subsequent seasons. The second-season selection for flowering had little or no effect. However, vigor, forage and seed yields were not increased by either program, and the first-season program progressively reduced vigor and forage yields as generations of selection increased. The cause of this is unknown but may be associated with inbreeding depression or detrimental physiological effects of first-season flowering. Reselection to eliminate possible inbreeding effects is being conducted to further examine the possibility of increasing seedling and aftermath vigor in kura clover.     

近交与贴现对优化群体规模的影响

小群体的闭锁选育不可避免产生近交及遗传方差下降，导致近期与远期选择效果的矛盾。本文通过考察猪核心群育种方案中群体规模及公母比例对近交增量（％）及累积育种产出（元）的作用，分析遗传方差下降以及育种产出的贴现等因素对选择方案评估效果的影响。群体有效规模主要受每世代选择公猪头数的影响，为了控制群体近交增量必须维持一定的公猪头数。在所模拟的１６种方案中，１５代的贴现累积选择进展以每代选择８头公猪为最高；而母猪规模越大，累积选择进展越高。不考虑近交引起遗传方差的下降，或不进行选择进展的贴现，都造成过高估计选择方案的效果，且导致选择不适当的方案；对各世代选择进展进行贴现时，需要考虑较大的世代数，否则也会影响各选择方案的比较结果。     

蒋益兰教授从脏腑经络辨证论治乳腺癌经验探析

蒋益兰教授为湖南省名中医,从事中西医结合防治肿瘤的临床、科研工作30余年,认为乳腺癌的发生发展与肝郁、脾虚、肾亏、冲任失和密切相关,主要病理因素为痰、瘀、毒,从平调肝气、健脾化痰、补肾滋阴、调补冲任出发,以四君子汤、逍遥散、二至丸等方药加减,佐以白花蛇舌草、半枝莲、重楼、莪术、鸡血藤、土贝母、夏枯草、猫抓草、生牡蛎、山慈菇等治疗乳腺癌。     

原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变及与中医证型关系的研究

目的 探讨原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变及其与中医辨证分型之间的关系。方法 采用彩色超声多普勒成像（CDI）对102例原发性开角型青光眼患者眼血流动力学的改变进行了检测。结果 开角型青光眼及其中医证型（分为肝郁气滞证、痰湿犯目证、肝肾阴虚证）在眼动脉（OA）血流参数中,与正常组相比,PSV、EDV、AV差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）;在视网膜中央动脉（CRA）血流参数中,与正常组相比,PSV、EDV和AV差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）,其变异程度依次为肝郁气滞证组 > 痰湿犯目证组 > 肝肾阴虚证组。结论 原发性开角型青光眼患者OA和CRA的血流速度下降明显,血流阻力增加,眼局部血液循环障碍,OA和CRA的血流参数可作为反映开角型青光眼及其中医证型间局部血瘀程度的一项重要指标。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地农业生产活动的景观效应初探

为探讨峰丛洼地农业生产活动对景观的影响,从农业生产活动对峰丛洼地水文、植被及土壤的影响及其对景观格局演变的作用等方面入手,重点分析了农业生产与景观演变的相关性,结果表明:农业生产对峰丛洼地景观格局的影响,主要是由对原始植被的破坏导致表层岩溶水循环途径的阻断及表层岩溶带产流模式的改变造成的,即地下径流转化为地表径流。农业生产活动对喀斯特峰丛洼地景观变化的作用主要是破坏了地表植被系统的稳定性,造成景观破碎,使景观均质性减弱,造成景观的逆向演替乃至出现石漠化。     

Effective population size and inbreeding depression on litter size in rabbits. A case study

The purpose of this study is to use demographic and litter size data on four Spanish maternal lines of rabbits (A, V, H and LP), as a case study, in order to: (i) estimate the effective population size of the lines, as a measure of the rate of increase of inbreeding, and (ii) study whether the inbreeding effect on litter size traits depends on the pattern of its accumulation over time. The lines are being selected for litter size at weaning and are kept closed at the same selection nucleus under the same selection and management programme. The study considered 47 794 l and a pedigree of 14 622 animals. Some practices in mating and selection management allow an increase of the inbreeding coefficient lower than 0.01 per generation in these lines of around 25 males and 125 females. Their effective population size (Ne) was around 57.3, showing that the effect of selection, increasing the inbreeding, was counterbalanced by the management practices, intended to reduce the rate of inbreeding increase. The inbreeding of each individual was broken down into three components: old, intermediate and new inbreeding. The coefficients of regression of the old, intermediate and new inbreeding on total born (TB), number born alive (NBA) and number weaned (NW) per litter showed a decreasing trend from positive to negative values. Regression coefficients significantly different from zero were those for the old inbreeding on TB (6.79 ± 2.37) and NBA (5.92 ± 2.37). The contrast between the coefficients of regression between the old and new inbreeding were significant for the three litter size traits: 7.57 ± 1.72 for TB; 6.66 ± 1.73 for NBA and 5.13 ± 1.67 for NW. These results have been interpreted as the combined action of purging unfavourable genes and artificial selection favoured by the inbreeding throughout the generations of selection.     

紫色土坡耕地不同微地形地表汇流网络特征

为了揭示不同微地形汇流网络的特征,通过野外人工降雨模拟试验,结合近景摄影测量技术,在相同降雨历时下,提取并分析了 60,90,120 mm/h雨强下,连续凹陷、间隔凹陷、连续凸起、间隔凸起、凹凸相连、凹凸相间以及对照组7种微地形措施的汇流网络.结果表明:(1)7种微地形的汇流密度随集水面积阈值的增大而逐渐减小,间隔凹陷...     

慢性束缚与慢性不可预期温和应激抑郁模型小鼠的行为学比较及其发生机制研究

【目的】通过比较慢性束缚应激(Chronic restraint stress,CRS)与慢性不可预期温和应激(Chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)对C57BL/6小鼠行为学指标及大脑海马区相关功能的影响,探讨抑郁症的发生机制。【方法】分别建立CRS及CUMS小鼠模型,通过旷场试验、强迫游泳试验和悬尾试验测定小鼠的行为学指标;取小鼠脑组织,制备常规石蜡切片,运用苏木素-伊红(HE)与免疫组化染色考察小鼠大脑海马区组织形态及5-羟色胺1A受体(5-HT1AR)的表达情况,并运用荧光分光光度法测定小鼠海马组织单胺氧化酶活性的变化。【结果】与空白对照组相比,CRS组小鼠的水平穿格数、直立次数及体质量均显著减少,悬尾及强迫游泳试验累计不动时间百分比无明显变化(P>0.05);而CUMS组小鼠自发活动无明显改变(P>0.05),但悬尾及强迫游泳试验累计不动时间百分比极显著增加(P<0.01),体质量显著下降。脑组织形态学研究结果显示,CUMS组小鼠海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回均出现萎缩,而CRS组小鼠海马CA1区未受影响,CA3区和齿状回均发生萎缩。与对照组相比,CRS组与CUMS组小鼠大脑海马单胺氧化酶活性升高,5-HT1AR表达均减少,差异均分别达显著和极显著水平。【结论】CRS和CUMS均可不同程度地引起抑郁样症状,CRS对探索性行为的抑制较明显,CUMS则可引发典型的行为绝望状态;CRS与CUMS组小鼠的行为学差异可能与2组抑郁模型动物脑内海马区组织结构及功能变化的差异存在相关性。     

典型喀斯特峰丛洼地土地利用生态风险评价——以平塘县为例

以喀斯特峰丛洼地发育典型黔南平塘县为研究对象,以2000、2005、2013年三期TM遥感影像为基础数据源,基于"3S"技术手段,结合景观生态学理论,利用土地利用程度指数、耕地垦殖指数、植被覆盖指数、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数等指标,构建土地利用生态风险评价指标体系,运用改进的TOPSIS模型与变异系数法相结合的方法 ,计算土地利用生态风险综合指数,对研究区不同研究时期土地利用风险进行综合评价。结果表明,研究期间平塘县土地利用生态风险呈增大的变化趋势,土地利用生态风险综合指标从2000年的24.819上升到2013年75.181,主要由于平塘县生态本底极其脆弱敏感,随着人口增长、社会经济发展,大规模不合理的土地开发利用活动给当地造成了极大的生态风险隐患。