斑点叉尾鮰TICAM在细菌和病毒感染后的基因表达特征

采用实时定量RT-PCR方法研究斑点叉尾在不同病原(链球菌、嗜水气单胞菌、迟钝爱德华菌、斑点叉尾病毒)感染后TICAM基因在mRNA水平的组织和时空表达特征。感染嗜水气单胞菌可引起TICAM基因在肝脏和脾脏中的上调表达,在注射后24h和12h后上调最大分别为2.3倍和1.9倍;而在头肾和后肠中的表达则下调到感染后48h的0.15倍和24h的0.53倍;感染链球菌后则导致在肝脏、脾脏、后肠和头肾中TICAM基因表达的强烈上调,最大上调幅度为感染后7d肝脏中表达提高了23倍,其次,在脾脏和头肾中基因表达最大可上调到感染前的10倍左右;在感染迟钝爱德华菌后,TICAM基因在肝脏、脾脏、后肠和头肾中表达上调。其中,感染后7d脾脏中的表达提高到感染前的23.1倍。而感染叉尾病毒后,TICAM基因在肝脏、头肾和后肠的表达上调但幅度不大,基因表达在4种组织内表达变化量在1.5～3.7倍范围内波动,而在脾脏中TICAM表达下调,在感染24h后达到最低为感染前的0.13倍。以上实验结果显示,斑点叉尾TICAM基因表达变化与病原感染密切相关,暗示TICAM基因在斑点叉尾天然免疫中起重要作用。     

Reduced fishmeal allowance with constant protein input for juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

In this study, we evaluated different dietary fishmeal and protein levels on growth performance, intestinal structure and intestinal microbial community of juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. A total of 1800 fish distributed into 36 tanks were fed with nine different diets containing three protein levels (300, 330 and 360 g/kg) with three fishmeal (FM) levels (0, 30 and 60 g/kg) for 90 days. The results showed that significant interactions between the protein level and FM level were observed in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities. The significant lowest FW, WG, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase and AKP activities were observed in fish fed with no fishmeal and 300 g/kg protein dietary while the highest were shown in 60 g/kg fishmeal and 330 g/kg protein treatment. Additionally, the microvillar length of the mid‐intestine in catfish was significantly affected by the interaction between dietary protein level and fishmeal level. The intestinal samples were dominated by three major phyla, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria. Genera Romboutsia and Turicibacter accounted for probably 800 g/kg of the phylum Firmicutes; meanwhile, genus Cetobacterium represented more than 900 g/kg of the phylum Fusobacteria. In conclusion, this study indicated that channel catfish juveniles can be fed with a practical diet without fishmeal as long as the protein level increased to 360 g/kg; however, if the percentage of dietary protein was 300 g/kg, it seemed that fishmeal need to be supplied as a protein source.     

斑点叉尾鮰源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的全基因组测序及比较基因组学

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌是近年来引起斑点叉尾鮰暴发高致死性传染病的主要病原之一。为了对防治该病提供技术储备,本研究对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌 XH.SM.1菌株进行全基因组测序与比较基因组学分析,同时用扫描电镜观察其超微形态特征。电镜观察显示,XH.SM.1为两端钝圆的短杆状细菌,菌体平均长度(1.73±0.35)μm,平均直径(0.43±0.04)μm。全基因组测序得到XH.SM.1基因组大小为4.56 Mb,GC含量为66.60%,编码4087个基因。将基因组序列上传NCBI,得到登录号:PYBO01000001.1。通过与VFDB数据库比对,预测得到3个可信度较高的毒力基因。共线性分析结果显示XH.SM.1与10株完成图水平的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌有较好的共线性。ARDB数据库预测和基因组岛分析,共同发现XH.SM.1基因组中含有许多耐药基因。泛基因组分析显示XH.SM.1呈现开放性(open)结果,这与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为环境常在的条件致病菌的表型相吻合,说明其适应环境和与外界进行遗传物质交流的能力较好。     

不同水温下强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律

研究不同水温(18 ± 1) ℃和(28 ± 1) ℃下,强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律。以20 mg/kg鱼体重连续口灌斑点叉尾鮰5 d,于停药后第1、3、5、7、9、12、15、24、30、40 天分别将斑点叉尾鮰处死后取肌肉(加皮)、肝脏、肾脏3种组织,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定斑点叉尾鮰组织中强力霉素。结果表明,强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的消除速度与水温有密切关系,不同水温下相同组织,相同水温下不同组织中强力霉素的消除速率不同(P<0.05)。高水温时强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内消除快,表明水温对斑点叉尾鮰体内的药物代谢有明显的影响,强力霉素残留的消除速度随水温降低而减慢;与其他组织相比,强力霉素在肝脏中的消除最慢。因此,若将肝脏作为强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内残留的靶组织计算休药期,在(18 ± 1) ℃和(28 ± 1) ℃时,按欧盟和中国规定的动物组织中强力霉素在肝脏中最高残留限量300 μg/kg计算,从食品安全角度来分析,建议休药期分别为55 d和30 d。若按强力霉素在可食组织肌肉(加皮)中最高残留限量300 μg/kg计算休药期,建议休药期分别为22 d和19 d。本研究旨为不同水温条件下制定强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留限量和休药期提供理论依据。     

Susceptibility of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge following copper sulphate exposure

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), with or without a preliminary 24 h exposure to 2 mg copper sulphate L(-1), were challenged with 7.5 x 10(6) colony forming units L(-1) of Edwardsiella ictaluri to determine the effect of copper sulphate on disease resistance. Catfish previously exposed to copper sulphate were significantly more resistant to the bacterial challenge than those not exposed. Catfish not exposed to copper sulphate suffered 35.5% mortality while catfish exposed to copper sulphate experienced 14.1% mortality. Copper concentrations were the same in tank waters of both exposed and control fish at the time of challenge, eliminating the possibility that copper in the water may have been toxic to bacteria. Copper concentrations in freeze dried and ground tissues of unexposed, exposed, and purged channel catfish were highest in fish before copper sulphate exposures suggesting that elevated tissue levels of copper were not responsible for the increased resistance to bacterial challenge. Competition for sites of bacterial attachment to gill or epithelial cells may account for the reduction in mortality; although this is not supported by the low copper content of fish tissue after copper exposure.     

7种常用渔药及组合对致病性鮰爱德华氏菌的体外抗菌试验

为探讨7种常用抗菌渔药对致病性鮰爱德华氏菌的体外抗菌作用,采用2倍稀释法测定了7种渔药对致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC),在初筛MIC的基础上,以MIC、5倍MIC、10倍MIC和20倍MIC下平板抑菌圈直径为参数,分别比较5种药物抗菌效果并优化最佳参数;利用优化的最佳参数比较5种药物单独用药与联合用药对鮰爱德华氏菌的抑菌效果.结果表明,抗菌先锋对鮰爱德华氏菌的MIC和MBC最小,分别为3.2和6.4μg/mL,其次是伯乐立康,分别为12.8和25.6μg/mL,而鱼康和肠炎烂鳃灵的浓度为1638.4μg/mL时仍无抗菌效果;5倍MIC下抑菌圈直径为筛选抗菌药物的最佳参数,5倍MIC下,鮰爱德华氏菌对抗菌先锋高度敏感,对伯乐立康、菌必清、菌毒康和海鱼安中度敏感;菌必清+抗菌先锋的联合抗菌效果最佳.     

斑点叉尾鮰消化酶活性研究

[目的]了解斑点叉尾鮰消化酶特性的生物学规律,为其人工养殖提供一定的理论依据。[方法]以斑点叉尾鮰为材料,测定了pH值和温度对其胃、肠及肝胰脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响。[结果]斑点叉尾鮰胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶的最适pH值分别为3.0、7.5、7.0,最适温度分别为30、40、45℃;胃、肠、肝胰脏淀粉酶的最适pH值分别为5.5、7.5和6.5,最适温度均为30℃;胃、肠、肝胰脏脂肪酶的最适pH值分别为5.5、7.0和7.0,最适温度均为30℃。在各自的最适pH值及温度条件下,3个部位的蛋白酶活性大小顺序为：胃〉肠〉肝胰脏;淀粉酶活性大小顺序为：肝胰脏〉肠〉胃;脂肪酶活性大小顺序为：肠〉肝胰脏〉胃。[结论]研究结果反映出斑点叉尾鮰机体内的生理状况,对生产实践具有重要的指导意义。     

线粒体DNA分子技术在斑点叉尾鮰物种鉴定中的应用

[目的]应对出口水产品国外技术贸易壁垒,建立一种能被国际上普遍接受的进出口水产品中斑点叉尾鮰物种真伪鉴定方法,该方法也有助于我国水产品行业商业欺诈认定裁决工作。[方法]采用酚-氯仿抽提法提取水产品中基因组DNA,利用自行设计的引物D-loop F/D-loopR,对斑点叉尾鮰及大口鲇、革胡子鲶、鲤和鲫等物种的线粒体DNA D-loop和COⅠ区进行PCR扩增测序比对,根据斑点叉尾鮰物种D-loop区的序列寻找其特异性酶切位点,对D-loop区进行酶切鉴定。[结果]]建立的DNA提取技术可以满足水产品中线粒体D-loop扩增的要求,斑点叉尾鮰D-loop对应的最佳退火温度为54.8℃,其在D-loop序列的200 bp处有一特异性酶切位点EcoRⅠ。[结论]建立的斑点叉尾鮰产品中DNA提取、扩增技术及EcoRⅠ特异性酶切图谱方法,不需测序就能够将斑点叉尾鮰与其他近似物种区分开来,该方法适于进出口水产品贸易中斑点叉尾鮰产品的物种真伪鉴定。     

斑点叉尾鮰气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

集约化养殖中,气单胞菌属细菌已成为危害渔业生产的重要致病菌。本研究自患病斑点叉尾鮰体内分离出5株气单胞菌,经形态学观察、生长特性及生理生化反应测试、鉴定,其中AHIA02、AHIA04、AHIA05为嗜水气单胞菌;AHIA01、AHIA03为豚鼠气单胞菌。用20种常规抗生素分别对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明:所有分离菌株仅对奥复星、复方新诺明、先锋必素等3种抗生素敏感,交叉耐药性和多重耐药性现象严重。