鲢微卫星标记研制及其在鲢和鳙遗传多样性研究中的应用

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichys nobilis)是中国特有的四大家鱼中2个重要成员,主要分布于黑龙江、长江和珠江水系.传统人工养殖依靠天然鱼苗.但是,人口增长和人类经济活动加剧使其天然产卵和孵化场消失或遭到破坏.人工育苗技术虽然解决了鱼苗供应问题,但由于遗传资源管理和使用方法的不完善,使两种鱼的生长表现、抗病抗逆性和遗传多样性等都有明显的降低.另外,因洪水导致的养殖个体逃逸也使天然群体的遗传多样性受到干扰.近年来,比较大规模的人工鱼苗放流实践也加剧了对天然群体遗传多样性的扰动.对这些问题的深入研究迫切需要一套适用的分子标记.为评价鲢和鳙的遗传多样性、确定它们的遗传分化和地理分化、科学合理地管理和开发利用遗传资源,本研究构建了富集GT微卫星序列的基因组短片段文库.随机选择并测序的97个克隆中有87个含有微卫星序列.根据其中的21条序列,设计了22对微卫星标记引物并用来分析了在长江荆州段捕获的32尾野生鲢和7尾野生鳙的遗传多样性.所有标记引物在两种鱼中通用.在全部样品中共发现129个等位基因.每位点等位基因数在3～10个,平均5.9个.不同标记揭示的遗传多样性指数在0.33～2.00,平均1.22.由于使用的鱼个体数少,如鳙,只有7个个体,样品也只来源于长江荆州江段.本研究无法基于两种鱼的天然分布,对两种鱼的遗传分化、地理种群多样性比较、养殖群体和天然群体差异等问题进行深入分析.但是,这组标记的研制将有助于这2个中国特有经济鱼种的遗传多样性分析、遗传资源的管理及开发利用等相关研究.本研究中,微卫星DNA标记的研制使用了固定有微卫星核心序列的磁珠.这样的磁珠与两端接有已知序列的DNA片段杂交能富集出含有微卫星核心序列的片段.通过扩增和连接转化,可方便地获得大量含微卫星核心序列的片段.与已有的方法不同的是,本研究用AFLP方法的某些步骤使片段两端加上已知引物序列,方便易行.迄今,这两种鱼还没有微卫星标记连锁图谱.构建这样的图谱是本项目研究的长远目标.     

添加圆苞车前子壳粉的鲢鱼糜凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

圆苞车前子壳粉(psyllium husk powder,PHP)是一种富含膳食纤维的食品亲水胶体.为了解其在鱼糜制品中的作用,本实验以冷冻鲢鱼糜为研究对象,以凝胶强度和持水性(water holding capacity,WHC)为考察指标,研究了PHP的添加量、凝胶化温度和凝胶化时间3个因素对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响.在...     

Hg2+·Zn2+对鳜·鲢胚胎的急性毒性效应研究

[目的]探讨重金属氯化汞和硫酸锌对鳜、鲢胚胎的毒性效应。[方法]在水温18～23℃条件下,采用半静止式生物毒性试验法,测定鱼胚胎对2种药物的最低全致死浓度、最高不致死浓度以及半致死浓度,探讨不同浓度的氯化汞、硫酸锌对鳜、鲢胚胎的毒性效应。[结果]鳜、鲢鱼的胚胎对Hg2+相当敏感,对仔鱼的致畸率也很大,特别是对刚出膜的仔鱼的致死率很高。鳜、鲢鱼的胚胎对Hg2+的毒性抵抗能力差别不大。鲢胚胎对Zn2+的耐受能力明显高于鳜胚胎。以安全浓度为衡量标准,Hg2+和Zn2+对鳜、鲢胚胎的毒性强弱顺序为Hg2+>Zn2+。[结论]该研究可为渔业健康养殖和资源保护提供参考。     

鲢细菌性败血症病原的研究

从患细菌性败血症的鲢肝脏中分离到一菌株，编号青１－２－３。通过代感染试验，发病症状与自然病鱼基本一致，对致病菌株进行细菌学鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。青１－２－３的生化表型不同于银鲫病原，为致病性嗜水气单胞菌的不同菌株。     

High fry production rates using post-thaw silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) spermatozoa under farming conditions

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is not endemic to Cuba, and egg fertilization is totally artificial; males produce spermatozoa only between March and October. Cryopreservation of silver carp spermatozoa would reduce the number of males needed, minimize handling stress through less frequent stripping, and facilitate artificial propagation when eggs are available. The effects on motility and fry production from eggs fertilized with thawed sperm under farm-conditions were examined in this study. Five, seven and ten percent of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol and methanol were tested as cryoprotectants. DMSO was a more suitable cryoprotectant than methanol or glycerol. The effect of equilibration time on the motility rate at 10% DMSO was evaluated. Hatching rates equal to the control (P>0.01) were obtained under farm conditions with frozen spermatozoa, stored even for a year in liquid nitrogen, with a final DMSO concentration of 10%. Cryopreservation offers a useful routine method for sperm storage and silver carp handling. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of fry from post-thaw silver carp spermatozoa under farming conditions.     

冻结速率和冻藏温度对鲢肉蛋白质冷冻变性的影响

研究了冻结和冻藏温度对鲢肉肌原纤维Ca-ATPase活性和盐溶性蛋白溶解度的影响并作了冷冻切片观察，结果发现，冻结速率对具有一定细胞形态的鲢肌蛋白质的冷冻变性有一定的影响，对无完整细胞形态的碎鱼肉和鱼糜基本无影响，而冻藏温度对鱼肌、碎鱼肉和鱼糜蛋白质冷冻变性都有显著的影响，即温度越低，变性越小，而抗冻剂可有效防止蛋白质的冷冻变性，尤其是使鱼糜肌原纤维蛋白质的稳定性大大提高。     

印度贝拉巴吉普伦淡水养殖场鲢鱼繁殖力的研究

作者检验了五十尾性成熟鲢鱼的卵巢。从统计学的角度,对鲢鱼的繁殖力同其总体长、体重和卵巢重量之间的关系进行了估计,发现三者关系均呈线形关系.同时还发现鲢鱼的繁殖力同体重的关系比同其总体长和卵巢重量的关系更为密切。     

太湖梅梁湾大型生态控藻围栏内鲢鳙的生长特征

富营养化湖泊围栏养殖鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）控制蓝藻水华在生物操纵示范中得到了广泛应用。在2004和2005年,研究了太湖梅梁湾生态修复区内大型生物控藻围栏中鲢鳙的季节生长特征,分析了影响其生长的因素。结果表明,鲢鳙生长受养殖密度的影响...     

泥河水库鲢、鳙鱼生长规律的研究

本文研究了泥河水库鲢鳙鱼的生长规律,根据菜亚的鱼体长和鳞长的关系式LnL=Sn/S分别推算出链鱼和鳙鱼的生长速度体长增长值,并计划出泥河水库鲢鳙鱼的体长与体重的关系,肥满度和生长方程,体长和体重的关系式分别为：鲢鱼W＝0．4133L^2.2011,鳙鱼W＝0．02395L^2.9444,肥满度分别为：鲢鱼K＝1．779,鳙鱼K＝1．926,生长方程分别为：鲢鱼：Lt=126.87[1-e^-0.0963(t 0.1566)] Tw=46021[1-e^-0.0989(t-1.1293)]^3;鳙鱼：Lt=149.36[1-e^0.0912(t 0.23tt)] Wt=96530[1-e^-0.0792(t-0.2532)]^3。     

Study on the Change of Muscle Proteins During the Half-Dried Salt-Cured Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Processing

Changes in the muscle protein during processing of half-dried salt-cured silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was studied. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) assay indicated that hydrolysis of the muscle proteins took place during processing, particularly at the drying stage. Further in vitro assay on the activities of Cathepsins B and L, which are related to the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins, indicated that Cathepsins B and L still had high activity at the last stage. Total soluble nitrogen (TSN) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) and then increased during the drying stage (p < 0.05), which may be caused by the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins and other insoluble proteins. Furthermore, the retained enzymatic activity of Cathepsins B and L may contribute to the proteolysis. Our research indicates that heat pump drying is a novel drying method that can produce the traditional flavor of dried aquatic products, and the formation of high-quality flavor may be due to the degradation of the myofibrillar proteins and water-soluble proteins.