Genetic Introgression Between Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) in Bavarian Hatchery Stocks Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Markers

Nuclear insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF-2), growth hormone 1 gene (GH-1) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) of the ribosomal DNA as well as the mitochondrial NADH-3 and NADH-4 dehydrogenase genes (ND-3/4) exhibited species-specific restriction fragment patterns and three microsatellite loci (Sfo18, Ssa85 and Ssa197) had non-overlapping allele size ranges in Arctic charr and brook trout and were used as diagnostic markers for testing genetic purity of hatchery stocks and wild populations of Arctic charr and brook trout in Bavaria, Germany. Screening of four wild populations (three in Arctic charr and one in brook trout) revealed only a single hybrid (back-cross to brook trout) individual in L. Starnberg. In contrast, in three (out of five) hatchery stocks of Arctic charr and in both hatchery stocks of brook trout hybrids were detected with the frequency from 3 to 100%. Three hatchery stocks (SS2, SA and BS1) represent a hybrid swarm because they contained a very high proportion of hybrids (from 83 to 100%) and most or all hybrid individuals had alien alleles at only one or a few of six unlinked diagnostic loci, indicating that post-F₁ hybrids represent the majority of individuals in these stocks and introgression has taken place. Release or escape of introgressed individuals from hatcheries into natural water bodies should be avoided in order to protect the biological diversity and genetic integrity of native fish populations.     

亚洲百合与大花卷丹杂种F_1重要性状的遗传分析

为了探讨百合杂交后代重要性状的遗传变异规律,以亚洲百合品种Nello、Benfica和野生种大花卷丹杂交获得的210株F_1群体为研究对象,对亲本和F_1植株株高、叶部性状和花部性状等共13个表型性状进行统计分析。结果表明,杂种F_1的株高、叶长和内、外花被片长表现出减小趋势;杂种F_1平均花朵数量、花朵直径、叶宽、叶片数和内、外花被片宽分别占中亲值的116.2%,118.6%,115.2%,106.4%,113.9%,122.3%,表现出一定的杂交优势,但2个杂交组合杂种优势不同;株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数量和花朵数量变异系数较大,均达15%以上,具有丰富的变异性。杂交F_1花色分布比较集中,多呈现不同深浅的橙色,也有少量黄色个体;2个杂交后代群体在斑点性状上发生了分离,斑点分离比(无斑∶有斑)分别为47∶78和24∶61,且有斑个体之间斑点数量不同;F_1花型多为碗型,表现出偏母性遗传的特点;各性状之间具有极显著的相关性。Nello、Benfica和大花卷丹杂交F_1表型性状发生广泛分离,并且出现大量超亲和低亲个体,有利于选择大花、多花、矮生的优良单株。     

安格斯肉牛与本地黄牛杂交试验

应用安格斯肉牛杂交改良青海省本地黄牛,经试验测定,杂一代犊牛初生重28.6kg,比青海本地黄牛15.09kg提高89.53%,1月龄、3月龄、6月龄平均体重分别为39.22kg、72.90kg和101.51kg,比同龄当地黄牛分别提高83.27%、109.45%和56.53%,杂交优势明显(P<0.01)。     

大花蕙兰种子的液体保藏研究

大花蕙兰是一种具有极高观赏价值的兰属植物,其主要的育种方法是杂交育种。杂交后得到的种子很多,每个果实中有种子数万粒,需进行无菌播种才可以萌发。即便在低温下,种子在空气的保藏时间也很短。把种子放在按照MS培养基配方配制的液体中,pH5.4,蔗糖30g/L,每毫升保藏液中保藏种子数量在50粒以上,环境温度控制在15℃左右,光照约2000lux,保藏液每天早晚震荡两次,每次2h,即可获得理想的保藏效果。     

强健性蚕品种海的育成及云·山×东·海的选配

采用杂交、定向培育、系统选择的方法 ,育成强健性多丝量品种海 ,并引进苏花、871组配成云·山×东·海的四元杂交组合。经 5个攻关点联合鉴定表明 ,万蚕收茧量 17 5 3kg、万蚕茧层量 4 179kg、茧丝长 1184m、解舒丝长 90 7m、鲜毛茧出丝率 18 5 %、洁净 94 98分 ,主要经济指标全面超过对照种。已通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定 ,并在生产上试繁推广     

Distribution and hybridization patterns of the insertion element IS900 in clinical isolates of mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Reference strains and 31 clinical isolates of M. paratuberculosis, mainly from goats, were analysed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Restriction digests of bacterial DNA were hybridized with a repetitive insertion sequence, IS900, to obtain banding patterns for comparison of strains. Twenty-five of the 31 field-strains hybridized with IS900, and five hybridization patterns were identified. It was not possible to identify specific patterns for goat strains of M. paratuberculosis. Four hybridization patterns were similar, whereas the fifth pattern of a sheep strain diverged considerably in position and number of band. Six goat strains failed to hybridize with IS900, and the absence of IS900 was verified by the polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with an oligonucleotide probe. The six IS900-negative goat strains had diverging phenotypic properties, and the identification of these strains is discussed. The present study shows that M. paratuberculosis strains infecting goats are genetically similar to cattle strains and that IS900 is a specific genetic element for identification of M. paratuberculosis.     

克氏原螯虾三群体双列杂交组合生长性能和耐干露能力比较分析

摘 要：以遗传多样性高、生长快的江苏滆湖、江苏建湖和安徽芜湖3个克氏原螯虾优异种质群体进行双列杂交试验,得到6个杂交组［滆湖♀×建湖♂（GJ）、建湖♀×滆湖♂ （JG）、滆湖♀×芜湖♂（GW）、芜湖♀×滆湖♂（WG）、建湖♀×芜湖♂（JW）、芜湖♀×建湖♂ （WJ）］,3个自交组［滆湖♀×滆湖♂（GG）、建湖♀×建湖♂（JJ）、芜湖♀×芜湖♂（WW）］,对9个组合生长性能和生态适应性比较分析,结果表明：（1）养殖周期内,WW和JJ组合雌雄个体体质量特定增长率、增重率均显著大于其余组合（P<0.05）;除GJ和JG外其余组合雄性个体体质量特定增长率、增重率显著大于雌性（P<0.05）,3—5月各杂交组生长性状均未见杂种优势;（2）随养殖时间的增加,9个群体克氏原螯虾头胸甲长/体长、腹部长/体长变化明显,头胸甲长/体长逐渐增加,腹部长/体长逐渐减小且5月份雌雄个体间出现分化,雌性腹部长占比显著大于雄性（P<0.05）。头胸甲宽/体长、腹部宽/体长、尾节长/体长的比值仅4月份有明显增加;（3）干露24h各组虾开始出现死亡,48 h各组存活率出现显著分化,48h时 WW组合存活率显著大于其余组合（P<0.05）,GJ和JG两个正反交组在耐干露能力方面呈现出杂种优势。本研究发现克氏原螯虾种质混杂一定程度限制了生长性状杂种优势,但抗逆性表现出杂种优势,适当杂交再选育是重要的育种策略,克氏原螯虾生长和腹部长占比呈明显雌雄二态性,单性育种也是重要方向。     

甜菜单体附加系M14种子形成方式

以具有显性标记性状的红叶柄栽培甜菜为父本与绿叶柄M14甜菜杂交,观察F₁植株叶柄颜色;利用SSR标记分析甜菜M14世代间的遗传相关性。结果显示,甜菜单体附加系M14传递率维持在较高水平;在人工去雄授粉条件下,F₁代植株叶柄颜色均为红色,甜菜M14通过接受外来遗传物质及精卵结合的有性生殖方式繁殖种子;M14株系中不存在与其母本株SSR标记基因型精确相同的植株。表明甜菜M14通过精卵融合的有性生殖而非无融合生殖形成种子。Southern blot结果显示,从甜菜M14反转得到的栽培甜菜染色体中普遍含有白花甜菜DNA,暗示甜菜M14形成雌配子体及卵子过程中存在减数分裂过程和较高频率的染色体畸变。推测甜菜单体附加系M14高频传递现象可能是由于附加的白花甜菜第9号染色体具有杀配子功能。     

两种蚕豆杂交新方法探索

[目的]探索新的蚕豆杂交育种方法,提高蚕豆杂交育种的成功率和工作效率。[方法]方法一与方法二均包括去雄、授粉、套牌、整枝四个步骤,区别在于其去雄的具体操作不同。[结果]杂交新方法一的每小时去雄数、每小时一次性去雄成功数、一次性去雄成功率、授粉时间、每小时杂交花数、工作效率、座荚数和杂交结实成功率分别为：181朵1、26朵、69.61%0、.89 h、95.77朵2、.53、117个和64.64%。杂交新方法二的每小时去雄数、每小时一次性去雄成功数、一次性去雄成功率、授粉时间、每小时杂交花数、工作效率、座荚数和杂交结实成功率分别为：194朵1、67朵8、6.08%、0.95 h9、9.5朵2、.651、24个和63.92%。[结论]两种新方法的工作效率都比传统方法高出2倍以上,其杂交结实成功率比传统方法提高了约1倍。     

春用家蚕品种681×682的育成

为了选育能通过对交种幼虫斑纹及蛾色识别提高杂交率的强健性多丝量春用家蚕品种,根据家蚕暗化型基因(mln)的遗传规律,将mln导入实用家蚕品种,培育出中系强健性灰黑蛾品种681。将681与普通日系白蛾品种682(由现行品种皖6经强健性及繁育系数改良而来)组配成杂交组合,实现了蚕种繁育中可利用对交品种的蛾色差异,将杂交率提高到99%以上的目的。新品种还具有强健好养、易繁育、眠起齐、丝质优的特点,在安徽省农村饲养鉴定的茧丝长1 401.0 m,解舒率76.16%,解舒丝长1 068.0 m,茧丝纤度3.126 dtex,洁净94.19分。新品种于2010年12月通过安徽省家蚕新品种审定。