干旱胁迫下山栏稻与栽培水稻品种苗期表型性状及生理差异

测定了在干旱胁迫条件下,山栏稻苗期的株高、叶面积等农艺性状以及叶片脯氨酸含量、MDA含量等生理指标,采用隶属函数法评估山栏稻抗旱能力。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,山栏稻降低了地上部分的生物量并增加了地下部分的生物量,同时,山栏稻叶绿素含量、MDA含量以及脯氨酸含量均有不同程度的提高;所选山栏稻品种的隶属函数值为0.521和0.673。综合实验数据和田间观察,初步判断山栏稻苗期具有较强的抗旱特性。     

低温驯化及封冻阶段不同冬小麦品种叶绿素荧光参数的比较

为了解小麦品种的抗寒机制,对抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和对照品种济麦22在低温驯化及封冻阶段植株的叶绿素荧光参数进行测定和分析.结果表明,低温驯化阶段对照品种济麦22新叶的最大荧光产量(Fm)、PSⅡ最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产量(yield)、光化学淬灭(qP)显著高于东农冬麦1号,低温驯化结束后济麦22的这些参数迅速降低,显著低于东农冬麦1号新叶相应的值;调查期内东农冬麦1号新叶的初始荧光(Fo)变化稳定,降幅为26.2%,济麦22新叶Fo的降幅为52.8%;两品种老叶的荧光参数值变化趋势接近一致,低温驯化结束后东农冬麦1号老叶的Fm、qN、qP值显著高于济麦22老叶相应的值.在生产上可以利用叶绿素荧光参数对品种抗寒性进行鉴定,鉴定时期为低温驯化期结束、封冻期开始时,鉴定的部位应为植株新叶.     

花生幼苗期耐盐品种的筛选与评价

研究以花生幼苗的相对主根长、相对苗高、相对地上部鲜重、相对根鲜重、相对地上部干重、相对根干重等为指标,鉴定了49份花生品种的耐盐性。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl胁迫对幼苗各个性状都有不同程度的抑制效应,其中,除干重以外,0.5%NaCl及以上浓度胁迫条件下所有性状受到盐害的明显抑制。以0.5%NaCl处理条件下的相对主根长、相对苗高等6个性状作为耐盐评价指标,筛选出4份耐盐品种和2份盐害敏感品种,为进一步开展耐盐花生品种的培育以及耐盐机制研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

Genetic studies for breeding of rice cultivars with superior grain appearance and lodging resistance from the rice cultivar ‘Emi-no-kizuna’

ABSTRACT

We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of grain appearance (GA) and agronomic traits of rice, using 128 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Emi-no-kizuna’ and ‘Tomohonami’. We detected two promising QTLs associated with GA: qGA4 on chromosome 4 and qGA8 on chromosome 8. qGA4 contributed highly to the greater percentage of perfect grains of the Emi-no-kizuna genotype. In the same region, we detected other QTLs associated with panicle number and spikelet number per panicle. In near-isogenic lines (NILs) in which Emi-no-kizuna alleles were introgressed in the genomic region of only the semi-dwarf 1 (sd1) locus (NIL_1) and both the sd1 locus and qGA8 (NIL_2), respectively, the percentage of perfect grains was significantly higher and the percentages of milky white, basal white, and white back grains were significantly lower than in Tomohonami; and the percentages of milky white and white back grains of NIL_2 were significantly lower than those of NIL_1. These results suggest that introgression in the sd1 region could improve GA, and that the addition of qGA8 could further improve GA. The culm lengths of the NILs were significantly shorter than that of Tomohonami, indicating improved lodging resistance. Grain weight of NIL_2 was significantly smaller than that of NIL_1, suggesting that the effect of qGA8 could be pleiotropic, or the gene that underlies qGA8 could be linked with genes associated with grain weight.

Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; AT20: mean air temperature in the 20 days after heading; BW: basal white grain; CL: culm length; DAH: days after heading; GA: grain appearance; GW: 1000-grain weight; LOD: logarithm of odds; MW: milky white grain; NIL: near-isogenic line; PG: perfect grain; PL: panicle length; PN: panicle number; PTSN: putative total spikelet number; PVE: percentage of phenotypic variation explained; QTL: quantitative trait locus; RIL: recombinant inbred line; SN: spikelet number per panicle; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism; WB: white back grain     

大豆种子发芽期耐旱性鉴定的适宜PEG-6000浓度筛选

以抗旱性不同的3个大豆品种(湘豆3号、Lee68和宁镇1号)为试材,研究了不同浓度(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%)的PEG-6000模拟发芽期干旱胁迫对大豆种子发芽、子叶苗膜脂过氧化以及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明:10%以下的PEG-6000能起引发作用,促进大豆种子的萌发,显著提高发芽势和发芽率;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆种子的发芽明显受抑制,当PEG-6000浓度大于25%时抑制更明显,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和简易活力指数显著下降;随着PEG-6000浓度的升高,大豆子叶苗中的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增加,PEG-6000浓度在15%~25%间增加幅度最大,PEG-6000浓度小于15%或大于25%时增加不明显。综合种子发芽、子叶苗的膜脂过氧化程度以及渗透调节物质含量的变化,可初步确定室内采用PEG-6000浸种法模拟干旱胁迫鉴定大豆发芽期耐旱性的适宜浓度为20%~25%。     

水稻品种的耐低磷性及其农艺生理性状

【目的】 本研究旨在探明水稻耐低磷性的评价指标和耐低磷品种的农艺生理特征。【方法】以11个江苏省近70年来的代表性粳稻品种作为材料,进行水培种植,设置低磷(标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷浓度(国际水稻研究所标准营养液配方)为对照。【结果】 耐低磷指数(低磷产量×耐低磷系数/所有供试品种低磷处理的平均产量)、干物质指数(低磷干物质量/对照干物质量)与耐低磷系数(低磷产量/对照产量)及低磷处理下的产量呈显著或极显著正相关。将耐低磷指数和干物质指数作为评价水稻品种耐低磷性的指标。根据两指标值的大小将供试品种分成3类：强耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均≥1;中耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均>0.6, 耐低磷指数或干物质指数<1;弱耐低磷品种或低磷敏感型品种,耐低磷指数或干物质指数≤0.6。与弱耐低磷品种相比,强耐低磷品种在低磷处理下具有根量大、根系活力强,分蘖早期分蘖数多,总叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI大、有效LAI比例高,库容量大,抽穗期茎鞘中糖积累量多,抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强等特征。与对照相比,低磷处理增加了磷素产谷利用率(稻谷产量/磷吸收量)和磷收获指数(籽粒中磷/成熟期植株中总吸收的磷)。在低磷下的磷素产谷利用率,强耐低磷品种高于弱耐低磷品种。【结论】 耐低磷指数和干物质指数可以作为耐低磷品种的筛选指标;在低磷处理下,根量大、分蘖早期分蘖数多、库容量大、抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强是耐低磷性强和磷利用效率高水稻品种的重要农艺生理特征。     

持续高温胁迫对茄子幼苗几个主要生理指标的影响

为了明确持续高温胁迫对不同耐热性茄子品种(系)主要生理指标影响的异同,特采用7份耐热性不同的茄子材料,分别进行2、4、6 d高温处理及6 d高温处理后恢复处理,未高温处理苗做对照,研究了高温胁迫对SOD和POD抗氧化酶活性、AsA和GSH含量,MDA和可溶性蛋白含量以及O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量的影响。结果表明:高温处理2 d和4 d时,SOD和POD抗氧化酶活性、AsA和GSH含量增加,相应的O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量下降;6 d时SOD活性、AsA和GSH含量有所降低,O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量上升,POD活性在热敏感品种(系)继续大幅增加。随高温胁迫时间延长MDA含量不断增加,可溶性蛋白含量变化不大。另外,对各生理指标与热害指数和膜相对电导率的相关性分析结果表明,热胁迫6 d时AsA含量及热胁迫2 d时的O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量与热害指数和相对电导率相关显著,可以作为鉴定不同品种耐热性的参考指标。     

水稻耐光氧化和耐阴特性的鉴定及其生理基础

水稻耐光氧化和耐阴特性的鉴定及其生理基础焦德茂，高亮之，金之庆，季本华，严建民（江苏省农业科学院，南京２１００１４；南通师范专科学校，南通２２６００７）关键词：光氧化；耐阴；光合特性ＩｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢａｓｉ...     

淹涝胁迫对水稻生长发育危害与耐淹性机理研究的进展

评述了淹涝胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响、水稻耐涝的生理机制、淹涝胁迫的基因型差异和耐淹性遗传与减灾措施等方面的一些研究进展,并简要提出了今后的研究方向。