Partitioning CO2 Respiration among Soil,Rhizosphere Microorganisms,and Roots of Wheat under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract

The measurement of soil, root, and rhizomicrobial respiration has become very important in evaluating the role of soil on atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. The objective of this study was to partition root, rhizosphere, and nonrhizosphere soil respiration during wheat growth. A secondary objective was to compare three techniques for measuring root respiration: without removing shoot of wheat, shading shoot of wheat, and removing shoot of wheat. Soil, root, and rhizomicrobial respiration were determined during wheat growth under greenhouse conditions in a Carwile loam soil (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Argiaquolls). Total below ground respiration from planted pots increased after planting through early boot stage and then decreased through physiological maturity. Root‐rhizomicrobial respiration was determined by taking the difference in CO₂ flux between planted and unplanted pots. Also, root and rhizomicrobial respirations were directly measured from roots by placing them inside a Mason jar. It was determined that root‐rhizomicrobial respiration accounted for 60% of total CO₂ flux, whereas 40% was from heterotrophic respiration in unplanted pots. Rhizomicrobial respiration accounted for 18 to 25% of total CO₂ flux. Shade and no‐shoot had similar effects on root respiration. The three techniques were not significantly different (p>0.05).     

红壤侵蚀区马尾松林恢复过程中土壤异养呼吸及微生物多样性的变化特征

土壤异养呼吸是影响土壤有机碳积累的关键因素。以南方红壤水土流失区不同恢复年限的马尾松林（未治理地（Y0）、恢复14 a（Y14）、恢复31 a（Y31））为对象,对不同呼吸组分进行测定并结合温度、水分以及微生物等因子,研究马尾松林恢复对土壤异养呼吸的影响。结果表明：不同恢复年限马尾松林土壤异养呼吸差异显著,恢复31 a显著大于恢复14 a以及未治理地,未治理地异养呼吸速率仅为0.99 μmol?m-2?s-1,而治理14 a、31 a分别为2.20、2.80 μmol?m-2?s-1;温度是异养呼吸季节变化的主要影响因子,分别解释季节变化的40.6%（Y0）、62.2%（Y14）、66.6%（Y31）;马尾松林恢复后土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性（Q10）显著增加,Y0、Y14、Y31的 Q10分别为1.58、1.93和1.82;不同恢复年限土壤异养呼吸占土壤总呼吸比例为77.94%（Y0）、70.84%（Y14）、77.35%（Y31）。结构方程表明,在马尾松林恢复过程中,土壤有机碳（SOC）、温度以及土壤微生物多样性变化是影响土壤异养呼吸变化的主要因子,其中SOC、土壤微生物与异养呼吸显著正相关,而植被恢复过程中土壤温度变化与异养呼吸显著负相关。本研究结果表明,马尾松林植被恢复过程中SOC的积累以及缺乏有效的物理保护增加了微生物对SOC的分解,另一方面土壤环境温度的降低和细菌、真菌丰度的增加以及群落中变形菌、子囊菌、酸杆菌的增加,更进一步加剧微生物对原有土壤有机质的分解强度,导致异养呼吸碳排放的持续增加,最终限制了马尾松林土壤碳吸存效率。因此,较高的土壤异养呼吸可能是影响红壤侵蚀退化区土壤有机质进一步提升的关键。     

脱氮硫杆菌及其在水产养殖中的应用

利用反硝化技术净化养殖水体污染的研究日益受到重视,而脱氮硫杆菌作为反硝化细菌的一个主要类群则越发被关注。该文在阐述养殖水体中亚硝酸盐和硫化物积累对养殖生态造成的影响以及脱氮硫杆菌的生长特性和自养反硝化原理的基础上,着重介绍了脱氮硫杆菌在分子生态学水平的应用研究进展,并对其在水产养殖上的应用进行了展望。     

Forest soil respiration and its heterotrophic and autotrophic components: Global patterns and responses to temperature and precipitation

Quantifying global patterns of forest soil respiration (SR), its components of heterotrophic respiration (HR) and belowground autotrophic respiration (AR), and their responses to temperature and precipitation are vital to accurately evaluate responses of the terrestrial carbon balance to future climate change. There is great uncertainty associated with responses of SR to climate change, concerning the differences in climatic controls and apparent Q₁₀ (the factor by which respiration increases for a 10 °C increase in temperature) over HR and AR. Here, we examine available information on SR, HR, AR, the contribution of HR to SR (HR/SR), and Q₁₀ of SR and its components from a diverse global database of forest ecosystems. The goals were to test how SR and its two components (AR and HR) respond to temperature and precipitation changes, and to test the differences in apparent Q₁₀ between AR and HR. SR increased linearly with mean annual temperature (MAT), but responded non-linearly to mean annual precipitation (MAP) in naturally-regenerated forests. For every 1 °C increase in MAT, overall emissions from SR increased by 24.6 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. When MAP was less than 813 mm, every 100 mm increase in MAP led to a release of 75.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, but the increase rate declined to 20.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP was greater than 813 mm. MAT explained less variation in AR than that in HR. The overall emissions in AR and HR for every 1 °C increase in MAT, increased by 12.9 and 16.1 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The AR emissions for every 100 mm increase in MAP, increased by 44.5 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ when MAP less than 1000 mm. However, above the threshold, AR emissions stayed relatively constant. HR increased linearly by 15.0 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ with every 100 mm increased in MAP. The Q₁₀ value of SR increased with increasing depth at which soil temperature was measured up to 10 cm and was negatively correlated with HR/SR. Our synthesis suggests AR and HR differ in their responses to temperature and precipitation change. We also emphasized the importance of information on soil temperature measurement depth when applying field estimation of Q₁₀ values into current terrestrial ecosystem models. Q₁₀ values derived from field SR measurements including AR, will likely overestimate the temperature response of HR on a future warmer earth.     

好氧反硝化菌对水质和鱼体饲喂效果的影响研究

以好氧反硝化菌株Bacillus sp.H2作为供试菌株,从水质指标、鱼体生长指标和免疫指标3方面全面考察菌株Bacillussp.H2作为水质改良剂对养殖水体和鱼体饲喂效果的影响。研究表明,菌株Bacillus sp.H2对水体亚硝态氮的平均降解率达到64.04%,总氮最终降解率达到16.0%,COD的最终降解率达到...     

不同土层土壤理化生性状与反硝化酶活性N_2O排放通量的相关性研究

采用田间试验方法研究了干旱半干旱地区小麦田不同土层土壤理、化、生等因素与土壤反硝化酶活性、N2O排放通量的相关性。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,0—5cm土层土壤硝酸还原酶活性与相应土层土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性呈显著正相关,0—5cm,5—10cm土层土壤的温度与相应土层土壤硝酸还原酶活性呈显著负相关,土壤硝态氮含量和pH与土壤反硝化还原酶活性的相关性因土壤的不同土层而有差异;0—5cm,5—10cm土层土壤含水量,0—5cm,10—20cm土层土壤脲酶活性,5—10cm有机碳含量,硝酸还原酶活性与土壤中N2O排放通量呈显著正相关;5—10cm土层土壤温度、pH和10—20cm土层土壤磷酸酶活性、pH与之呈显著负相关。土壤N2O的排放主要是土壤反硝化作用的结果。     

冬季菲律宾蛤仔育苗系统几类主要细菌数量变化

试验结果表明:水中异养细菌为2.3×103-1.1×105cfu/m l,其变化趋势与温度变化一致;弧菌为5.0×103-6.6×103cfu/m l,其变化趋势与温度变化不一致,规律性不强。沉淀池泥中异养细菌为7.6×104-6.7×105cfu/g,弧菌为1.6×103-5.4×103cfu/g,反硝化细菌为2.5×102-3.2×104MPN/g,反硫化细菌为35-4.9×105MPN/g;温度高时,沉淀池泥中反硫化细菌占总异养菌比例最高,反硝化细菌次之,弧菌最小。从异养细菌的数量来看,沉淀池水质达到富营养化水平。因此,温度一旦升高,水中细菌会急剧增加,造成水质恶化,产生有毒的H2S、NO2-等物质,不利于菲律宾蛤仔的生长。