Low pesticide rates may hasten the evolution of resistance by increasing mutation frequencies

At very low pesticide rates, a certain low proportion of pests may receive a sublethal dose, are highly stressed by the pesticide and yet survive. Stress is a general enhancer of mutation rates. Thus, the survivors are likely to have more than normal mutations, which might include mutations leading to pesticide resistance, both for multifactorial (polygenic, gene amplification, sequential allelic mutations) and for major gene resistance. Management strategies should consider how to eliminate the subpopulation of pests with the high mutation rates, but the best strategy is probably to avoid too low application rates of pesticides from the outset.     

旱涝胁迫条件下稗草对大豆植株含氮量及蛋白质产量的影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,而显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝 鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆籽粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害,旱涝结合的危害大于只旱或只涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

外源花青素对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗生长及其生理特性的影响

以烤烟品种‘秦烟96’和‘云烟116’等2个烤烟品种为试验材料,通过开展盆栽试验,设置正常供水和中度干旱等2个水分梯度,外源花青素设置6个浓度,研究外源花青素对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗农艺性状、单株干重、光合气体参数、叶绿素荧光参数及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫下,两个烤烟品种生长受到抑制且生理性能下降;干旱胁迫下喷施外源花青素可显著增加烤烟幼苗的株高、茎围、最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积、单株干重、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率PSⅡ最大光化学效率、PSⅡ实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数,降低叶片中胞间CO₂浓度和非光化学猝灭系数,降低超氧阴离子自由基产生速率和丙二醛含量,提高叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增强烤烟幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性,有效缓解干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗生长及其生理功能的损害;其中‘秦烟96’以叶面喷施3 mg·L^-1花青素对考烟幼苗生长的促进效果最佳,‘云烟116’以叶面喷施4 mg·L^-1花青素效果最佳。     

缓解奶牛热应激的喷淋水滴粒径研究

为探讨夏季缓解奶牛热应激喷淋水滴粒径对降温效果的影响,通过现场实验测试了3种平均喷淋水滴粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)缓解奶牛热应激效果。实验中利用热像仪采集奶牛体表温度,同时测定呼吸频率、直肠温度生理指标,并在此基础上利用Merkel焓差理论分析计算奶牛喷淋降温换热量。结果表明,喷淋过程中,3种粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.7、1.1、0.9℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.7、1.4、1.5℃,平均呼吸频率分别降低0.6、4.2、2.1次/min;喷淋结束后,3种粒径在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.2、0.4、0.6℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.1、0.5、0.6℃,平均呼吸频率降低-0.4、1.4、1.2次/min。喷淋前后奶牛直肠温度均控制在稳定范围内,且平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm和1.127 mm低于0.829 mm时的奶牛平均直肠温度。3种平均喷淋水滴粒径对应的奶牛单位时间换热量分别为417.4、469.9、430.4 W,其中0.947 mm平均喷淋水滴粒径下换热量最大。因此,平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm更适用于夏季奶牛喷淋降温。     

Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi‐arid region

In recent years, the use of new mulches for soil water conservation in arid regions has been introduced as an alternative to conventional (plastic) mulches. However, systematic studies concerning the effects of different organic [pistachio shell mulch (PSM), wheat straw mulch, de‐oiled olive pomace mulch (DOM) or wood chips mulch], chemical [superabsorbent polymer (HM) or organic‐based emulsion polymer (PEM)] and mineral [gravel mulch (GM)] covers on soil and water conservation are scarce. Therefore, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was aimed at evaluating the effects of mulches of different composition on soil surface evaporation, whereas in experiment 2 we investigated the effects of this decrease in soil evaporation due to different mulch materials on some olive tree physiological responses to soil drying. We analysed stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf density and maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of 2‐yr‐old plants of ‘Konservalia’ olive, grown in pots in open field. The results showed that different mulch materials had different efficiency on soil water conservation and DOM and pistachio shell mulch PSM – as new mulch materials – seems more favourable for conserving soil water. Water stress caused reductions in all parameters measured and increment in leaf density compared with unstressed treatment. Olive plants grown using different soil mulch presented higher values of stem water potential, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and Fv/Fm ratio compared to control plants. Although all the mulch treatments improved the water content of soil, DOM and PSM were found to be superior in maintaining optimum soil water content for olive use.     

大学生就业倦怠的评测与化解

就业倦怠是大学生就业过程中新出现的、尚未引起足够重视的一种现象,是由内在的反复心理挫折体验而形成的外显消极行为,其主要表现为情感耗竭、人格解体和个人成就感降低。通过借用马诗勒倦怠问卷,可以对其进行测量和诊断。为了化解就业倦怠,应在增强抗挫折能力的基础上,致力于减少大学生对就业岗位的情感损耗,保证目标岗位与心理期待的始终一致性,提高就业过程中的成就感,并适当进行压力管理和训练。     

Organic Acid Effects on Nutrient Uptake by Rice

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the responses of 20 rice cultivars to the phytotoxic effects of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids produced in soils under anaerobic conditions. The study was conducted in a hydroponic system, with four levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 mM) of the three organic acids in the ratio of 6:3:1 in a factorial of complete randomized block design with three replications. The evaluated variables were phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents. The analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction, and the established regressions showed differences among the genotypes as evaluated for both variables. Four genotypes were classified as tolerant in relation to P content and three genotypes as tolerant in relation to K. The best performance was verified with japonica genotypes and the irrigation-based growing system.     

实时定量PCR检测逆境下盐芥ABI1基因表达水平

运用实时定量PCR的方法对盐芥ABI1基因在干旱、ABA、冷和盐胁迫下的表达情况进行了检测,并对ABI1在耐盐植物中的抗逆能力进行了分析,为粮食作物的耐逆性改良奠定基础。     

用最大熵法进行沥青路面工程实例的结构可靠性分析

结合工程实例以蒙特卡罗分析法为基本出发点,首先通过计算机根据弯沉和弯拉应力的功能函数来生成1000个功能函数的一个随机抽样,然后用大熵法拟合沥青路面的弯沉功能函数的密度函数,求出两种失效模式的失效概率。同时,把整个路段看作是一个由弯沉失效和弯拉应力失效的两种失效模式串联组成的网络系统,对整个系统进行了可靠性评估。     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Involved in Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cu~（2＋） Under Copper Stress in Tomato Seedlings

Nitric oxide（NO）,a bioactive signaling molecule,serves as an antioxidant and anti-stress agent under abiotic stress.A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium nitroprusside（SNP）,a NO donor,on tomato seedlings exposed to 50 μmol L-1CuCl 2.The results show that copper is primarily stored in the soluble cell sap fraction in the roots,especially after treatment with Cu＋SNP treatment,which accounted for 66.2% of the total copper content.The copper concentration gradually decreased from the roots to the leaves.In the leaves,exogenous NO induces the storage of excess copper in the cell walls.Copper stress decreases the proportion of copper integrated with pectates and proteins,but exogenous NO remarkably reverses this trend.The alleviating effect of NO is blocked by hemoglobin.Thus,exogenous NO is likely involved in the regulation of the subcellular copper concentrations and its chemical forms under copper stress.Although exogenous NO inhibited the absorption and transport of excess copper to some extent,the copper accumulation in tomato seedlings significantly increased under copper stress.The use of exogenous NO to enhance copper tolerance in some plants is a promising method for copper remediation.