Continuous microwave treatment to control postharvest brown rot in stone fruit

Monilinia spp. are the most important causes of brown rot in stone fruit and no chemical fungicides are allowed in the European Union to be applied to stone fruit after harvest. From preliminary studies, microwave (MW) treatments at 17.5 kW for 50 s and 10 kW for 95 s were selected as effective conditions to control brown rot. Both treatments were investigated to control Monilinia fructicola in fruit with different weights and maturity levels and in naturally infected fruit. Fruit weight only had a significant effect on microwave efficacy in ‘Placido’ peaches treated by MW at 10 kW for 95 s in which better brown rot control was observed in small than large fruit. Maturity level did not have a significant effect on efficacy of MW treatments in any of the varieties evaluated. When both MW treatments were studied in naturally infected peaches and nectarines, brown rot incidence was significantly reduced to less than 14% compared with untreated fruit where brown rot incidence was higher than 45%. The effect of both treatments on fruit quality was also evaluated. Fruit firmness was not negatively affected in the varieties tested and even a delay of fruit softening was observed. However, internal damage around the stone was observed, especially in the smallest fruit in which high temperature is achieved at the end of both MW treatments.     

Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Soil to Inhibit Microbial Growth Using the Underground Release of Hot Water and a Hydraulic Head Method

This research aimed to study the effectiveness of heat transfer in soil using the underground release of hot water with a hydraulic head. Pressure heads of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m were utilized for underground release with a nozzle to investigate heat transfer in soil necessary to inhibit microbial growth through underground hot water release using a pressure head of liquid. The nozzle was made of stainless steel pipe (SUS304). The proposed system was designed to inhibit microbes of Ralstonia solanacearum with a hot water volume flow of 300, 400 and 500 ml min^?1, while temperature was kept constant at 70 ºC. The hot water released underground provided higher soil temperature with shorter working time. The research found that the number of layers and diameter of drilled holes had a significant effect on soil temperature distributed at various depth levels (y-plan), resulting in enhanced performance (100%) for the inhibition of microbes in an x-plan radius of 15 cm for a shorter time of 20–30 min with one nozzle.     

Nocturnal cooling below a forest canopy: Model and evaluation

Nocturnal cooling of air within a forest canopy and the resulting temperature profile may drive local thermally driven motions, such as drainage flows, which are believed to impact measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. To model such flows, it is necessary to accurately predict the rate of cooling. Cooling occurs primarily due to radiative heat loss. However, much of the radiative loss occurs at the surface of canopy elements (leaves, branches, and boles of trees), while radiative divergence in the canopy air space is small due to high transmissivity of air. Furthermore, sensible heat exchange between the canopy elements and the air space is slow relative to radiative fluxes. Therefore, canopy elements initially cool much more quickly than the canopy air space after the switch from radiative gain during the day to radiative loss during the night. Thus in modeling air cooling within a canopy, it is not appropriate to neglect the storage change of heat in the canopy elements or even to assume equal rates of cooling of the canopy air and canopy elements. Here a simple parameterization of radiatively driven cooling of air within the canopy is presented, which accounts implicitly for radiative cooling of the canopy volume, heat storage in the canopy elements, and heat transfer between the canopy elements and the air. Simulations using this parameterization are compared to temperature data from the Morgan-Monroe State Forest (IN, USA) FLUXNET site. While the model does not perfectly reproduce the measured rates of cooling, particularly near the top of the canopy, the simulated cooling rates are of the correct order of magnitude.     

关于积温一词及其度量单位科学性问题的讨论

积温是农业气象及相关学科常用的一个基本概念,但长期以来对于其科学意义和度量单位的认识很不一致。本文回顾了积温概念的由来和发展,评述了积温概念在科学性上存在的问题,介绍了国内外的有关修正和改进工作,特别是英国学者J.L.Monteith应用热时理论对于积温本质做出的科学阐述。通过对文摘数据库CAB中1990-2008年10月发表的科技文献检索结果的统计分析,比较了积温及其同义词在文献题目中的应用频率和地域分布特征,表明国际学术界的主流正在日益摈弃传统积温概念的不科学表述形式。为改变目前农业气象界在积温概念及其度量单位上的混乱状态,结合第二届科学名词审定工作,建议赋予"积温"和"热量资源"名词以新的表述方式,使之既不违背物理学原理,又能照顾目前已被广泛使用而约定俗成的现状,以利农业气象学科的健康发展和促进农业气象科技的广泛应用。     

Induced thermotolerance and stress resistance in larvae of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)

Optimal conditions for heat shock (HS) were used to demonstrate induced thermotolerance (ITT) in larvae of the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Larvae from three different broodstock nutritional regimes exhibited comparable degrees of ITT, which remained high for about 4 days. Survival and growth of larvae given the standard HS treatment (37 °C for 30 min) were not statistically different from those of controls, so the cost of mounting a heat shock response was not sufficient to reduce those parameters. However, the percentage of heat-shocked larvae undergoing metamorphosis appeared to be slightly lower than that of controls. Previously heat-shocked larvae withstood hypersalinity exposures much better than control larvae, but showed the same survival level when both were challenged with ammonia toxicity. We suggest that the use of induced thermotolerance might provide a means to improve the performance of larvae during transport and/or initial inoculation into grow-out ponds. The present paper provides the basis upon which that suggestion might be examined.     

亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响

本文研究亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响,通过对亚麻籽热变性的研究,为下一步亚麻籽的脱毒试验研究奠定一定的理论基础.应用差示扫描量热(DSC)技术测定不同的亚麻籽含水率下的亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度,分析在不同的条件下亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度特性.试验表明,亚麻籽粉蛋白质的变性温度较高,在129～143℃之间;随着升温速率的提高,DSC曲线的峰幅增大,峰形尖锐,变性温度升高,吸热焓值变化不大;亚麻籽蛋白质的变性温度与含水率有密切的关系,随含水率升高而降低.研究为亚麻耔深加工和利用提供了一定的理论依据.     

自然冷资源利用中的相变传热和果蔬保鲜的研究

为使利用自然冷资源贮藏果蔬的研究进一步向实用化发展,本研究通过对屋外水箱自然状态结冰贮冷的测定和解析,建立了估算水在自然冷风中传热和相变的简易计算模型;还通过小型利用自然冷资源果蔬保鲜柜的贮藏实验,证实了这种新式保鲜方法对家庭式贮藏的利用前景。该文还报告了世界第一座大型利用自然冷资源果蔬保鲜库的部分试验结果。     

湿式多片制动器油槽内对流换热系数的数值计算

在已求得湿式多片制动器油槽内三维抛物流流速场的基础上，采用控制容积法进一步计算出摩擦盘在不同速度下，油槽内流体的温度场，并利用边界层理论，最终计算出冷却油与摩擦副之间对流换热系数沿径向的变化规律，从而为湿式多片制动器的开发设计提供了理论依据     

家畜能量代谢规律的模式研究

本文研究了家畜能量代谢中的食入代谢能（ＭＥＩ），体增热（ＨＩ），产热量（ＨＰ）及净能（ＮＥ）相互关系的数学主影响因素。详细探讨了ＨＰ与ＭＥＩ的关系模式，提出以ＭＥｍ为转折点的分段线性模式，并对能量代谢的重要参数，ＮＥｍ，ＭＥｍ，Ｋｍ及Ｋｐ的测定方法作了改进。