Substitution effect of Undaria pinnatifida with citrus (Citrus unshiu,Marcovitch) peel by‐product in feed on the growth,body composition and air exposure stressor of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of Undaria pinnatifida with citrus peel by‐product (CPB) on growth, body composition and air exposure stressor of abalone was determined. A total of 1,080 abalone were distributed into 18 net cages. Five formulated diets were prepared in triplicate. The CPB0 diet contained 200 g/kg U. pinnatifida. The 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 g/kg U. pinnatifida were substituted with the equal amount of CPB, referred to as the CPB250, CPB500, CPB750 and CPB1000 diets, respectively. Finally, dry U. pinnatifida was prepared. Abalone were fed for 16 weeks and then subjected to air exposure stressor for 24 hr. The cumulative mortality of abalone was monitored for the following 4 days after 24‐hr air exposure. Survival, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone fed all formulated diets were greater than those of abalone fed the U. pinnatifida. The greatest weight gain and SGR were achieved in abalone fed the CPB500 diet. The chemical composition of the soft body of abalone was not affected by the experimental diets. Higher cumulative mortality was observed in abalone fed the CPB0 and dry U. pinnatifida at 16 hr after 24‐hr air exposure compared to abalone fed all other diets. In conclusion, U. pinnatifida could be completely substituted with CPB in abalone feed.     

Influences of dietary antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 on the growth performance,immune response and vibriosis resistance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 115‐day feeding trial and subsequently a 10‐day challenge test with Vibrio parahaemolyticus were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 on growth performance, immune response, antioxidative status and vibriosis resistance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai (initial body weight: 2.06 ± 0.01 g; initial shell length: 25.42 ± 0.18 mm). Four artificial diets were designed with 0 (artificial diet control), 7.5, 15.0 and 22.5 mg/kg of APSH‐07, respectively. The brown alga Laminaria japonica was used as the live food control. Results showed that the specific growth rates of abalone in the groups with 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg dietary APSH‐07 were significantly higher than those in the controls (p < .05). The total haemocyte counts and respiratory burst activity in haemolymph of abalone in the group with 7.5 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 were significantly higher than those in the groups with 0 and 22.5 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 (p < .05). The gene expression levels of Mn‐superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin peroxidase 2, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase in the group with 7.5 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 were significantly higher than those in the other groups (p < .05). Cumulative mortality of abalone after the challenge test was significantly decreased in the group with 7.5 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 supplementation. Supplementation of 22.5 mg/kg dietary APSH‐07 significantly increased the cumulative mortality. In conclusion, 7.5 mg/kg of dietary APSH‐07 supplementation had the better growth performance, higher antioxidation, immune and disease resistance capacity of abalone. Excessive supplementation of dietary antimicrobial peptide APSH‐07 (22.5 mg/kg) had significantly negative effects. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal level of dietary APSH‐07 supplementation for abalone.     

“东优1号”杂色鲍及其亲本群体的形态特征和养殖性能比较

以杂交种东优1号杂色鲍及其亲本群体为研究对象,对三者的外形特征和养殖性能进行了比较。结果表明,在壳形和密度相关的参数中,壳宽/壳长指标差异最为显著,日本群体的壳宽/壳长指标显著地大于台湾群体(P<0.05),而东优1号的值则介于双亲群体之间。采用海区延绳式吊养和陆地工厂化养殖两种养成模式,分别在福建、广东和海南对东优1号杂色鲍及其亲本群体进行为期一年的养殖对比试验。结果表明,杂色鲍台湾群体受养成期暴发性死亡症的严重影响,存活率极低;日本群体虽然具有较好的抗病能力,但生长速度却显著慢于东优1号和台湾群体;东优1号杂色鲍的生长速度和存活率在3个实验点都表现出较为显著的优势。研究结果表明东优1号杂色鲍是适合在亚热带和热带地区进行养殖的优良鲍新品种。     

Growth performance of weaning red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) fed with Macrocystis pyrifera plantlets and Porphyra columbina compared with a formulated diet

A feeding experiment was carried out to evaluate two natural diets versus a formulated feed on the performance of weaning red abalone Haliotis rufescens . Four treatment diets were then investigated: a formulated diet; plantlets from culture Macrocystis pyrifera, Porphyra columbina from natural beds; and a mixed diet consisting of a blend of fresh P. columbina together with the formulated diet. This study was performed in a shallow aquaculture system with a horizontal water flow. After 90 days, significant differences were observed between treatments. The highest growth was obtained with Porphyra (3.3 mm month⁻¹), followed by the mixed diet (2.6 mm month⁻¹), then Macrocystis (2.1 mm month⁻¹) and lastly the formulated diet (1.4 mm month⁻¹). Moreover, after the diets were tested for stability and remnant nutrients after a 12-h water immersion, a positive trend appeared to be related to the protein/energy (P:E). It is concluded that fronds of P. columbina resulted in the best diet for weaning H. rufescens under horizontal water flow systems, even if apparently the water stability of the formulated diet had a negative impact on abalone performance, particularly due to a poor nutrient retention capacity. Therefore, formulated diets should be improved before being recommended for weaning red abalone.     

健康和患病稚黑鲍中微生物产胞外酶的分析比较

2005年初自福建漳浦鲍鱼场患病以及健康稚黑鲍中各分离到27和56株异养细菌,在此基础上研究了它们产胞外蛋白酶、淀粉酶、明胶酶、磷脂酶及溶血能力。结果表明,虽然来自健康鲍的菌株产胞外酶的数量明显大于来自病鲍的菌株,但来自病鲍的菌株具有强分泌胞外酶能力的比例明显大于来自于健康鲍的菌株。综合考虑每一种胞外酶的潜在致病作用,以及菌株分泌多种胞外酶的能力,最后确认10株菌为潜在的致病菌。     

The growth of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai at different culture densities in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system with a baffled culture tank

The growth rate of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, energy consumption and changes in water quality were monitored in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 155 days. Baffles were installed in the RAS culture tanks to enlarge the attachment area and clean out solid waste materials automatically by hydraulic force only. The experimental disk abalones, of shell length 24.5 ± 0.5 mm, were cultured at three stocking densities, 700, 1300 and 1910 individuals/m² bottom area, in triplicate. The abalones were fed with sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, once a week. The abalone feed conversion rates and daily growth rates ranged from 24.5 to 25.9 and 0.32 to 0.36%, respectively. Their daily shell increments and survival rates ranged from 67.7 to 78.6 μm/day and 87.6–92.2%, respectively. The growth in weight tended to decrease at a culture density of 1300 individuals/m² bottom area, while shell increments and survival rates were acceptable at this density. The total power consumption for heating was 1185.4 kW, comprising 30.2% of the total power consumption, while the average water exchange rate was only 2.9% per day. The total ammonia nitrogen stabilized below 0.07 mg/L, after conditioning of the biofilter. The NO₂⁻–N, NO₃⁻–N and total suspended solid concentrations were also maintained within acceptable ranges for the normal growth of disk abalone. The use of the RAS with these newly designed culture tanks for disk abalone culture produced 1300 individuals/m² bottom area with a water exchange rate of only 2.9% per day and used about one-tenth of the heat energy of a conventional flow-through system.     

注射L-精氨酸和环磷酰胺对杂色鲍血清NO水平、NOS活性及免疫指标的影响

对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)分别按每kg体质量注射250mg、500mg和1000mg的L-精氨酸和5mg、10mg、20mg的环磷酰胺。每隔5d足部肌肉注射1次,共注射3次。第16天检测其血清中NO含量以及NOS活性的变化情况。同时采用注射环磷酰胺的方法(剂量为10mg/kg体质量),对杂色鲍血清中NOS活性进行负调控,分别在注射后3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、96h对血清NO水平和血清NOS、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)以及溶菌酶(LZM)活性进行测定,并探讨它们之间的相关性。结果显示,注射500mg/kg的L-精氨酸可以显著提高实验鲍血清中NO水平和NOS活性,而注射10mg/kg的环磷酰胺则可以显著降低实验鲍血清中NO水平和NOS活性。血清中NOS活性与ACP、AKP以及LZM等活性的相关系数分别为0.8074、0.8292和0.7408,相关显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),NO与SOD及LZM的相关系数分别为0.9302和0.9413,相关极显著(P<0.01)。实验结果为人工调控鲍体内的NO含量、增强其自身的非特异性免疫功能,从而提高鲍的抵抗疾病的能力提供了科学依据,同时也证明NO和NOS可以作为评价鲍免疫功能强弱的指标。     

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)数量性状的相关性与通径分析

为研究皱纹盘鲍各数量性状间的相关性及不同性状对体质量、软体部质量的影响,随机选取161只同一批次3-4龄的皱纹盘鲍,测量其壳长（SL）、壳宽（Sw）、壳厚（SH）、壳质量（SW）、足质量（FW）、软体部质量（MW）和体质量（BW）。计算性状间的相关系数,采用通径分析法计算不同性状对体质量、软体部质量的通径系数和决定系数,定量分析这些性状分别对体质量、软体部质量的影响效应。结果表明：所测各性状与体质量和软体部质量之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平（P＆lt;0.01）;在6个数量性状（壳长、壳宽、壳厚、壳质量、软体部质量、足质量）中软体部质量是影响体质量的主要因素;在体尺性状（壳长、壳宽、壳厚）中壳长对体质量影响最大;在体尺性状和体质量对软体部质量的影响中,体质量起主要作用。去除通径系数检验不显著的性状,利用逐步回归的方法,建立了6个数量性状对体质量的回归方程：BWq=-10.343＋0.255SL＋0.696SW＋0.951MW;体尺性状对体质量的回归方程：BWb=-69.930＋1.427SL＋0.728SH;体尺性状和体质量对软体部质量的回归方程：MB=4.430＋0.798BW-0.174Sw。研究结果为皱纹盘鲍的种质资源保护和选育工作提供一定的理论依据。     

水源水处理技术在九孔鲍苗种生产中的应用研究

本研究将海水水源水处理技术应用于九孔鲍苗种培育生产中,连续三年每个年度育苗均获成功,累计培育出商品鲍苗116.18万粒。而仅使用常规砂滤海水培育鲍苗的对照组,相同的季节在不同场所用相同的管理办法,采苗后15~40天,鲍幼体全部死亡。因此,认为水源水处理的海水培育鲍苗是稳定生产的关键。