Growth and reproductive performance of triploid and diploid blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814)

Growth and reproduction of triploid and diploid blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Leach, 1814) were compared in a 30-month study. Triploidy was induced by inhibition of the second polar body formation using 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) or cytochalasin B (CB). There were no significant differences in growth and survivorship between triploid and diploid abalone. However, triploid abalone had a more elongated shell and greater foot muscles than diploid abalone. A slightly curvilinear growth in shell length was conformed to all treatments. While diploid abalone had reached sexual maturity and spawned during the study, gonadal development and gamete maturation were abnormal in triploids. Female triploids lacked an apparent gonad at the macroscopic level but microscopic examination revealed that they had a thin layer of oogonia development. In contrast, male triploids were able to form similar-sized gonads to diploids during most of the reproductive period, but with brown-yellow discolouration and stalled gametogenesis at spermatocyte formation. Sex ratio of triploid abalone did not deviate from 1:1. With the onset of sexual maturation, growth and gonadal maturation occurred concurrently in diploid abalone, and there was no indication that growth of (diploid) abalone was reduced.     

皱纹盘鲍幼虫流水孵化培育技术的研究

采用紫外线海水培育、充气海水培育、流水孵化培育、流水孵化培育中试4种不同方法进行皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai）幼虫孵化培育，并与常规孵化技术对照，结果表明：紫外线海水孵化培育组幼虫48h面盘与壳分离死亡；充气流水培育组幼虫发育畸形；48h下沉死亡；流水培育组幼早孵化率为69.7%，流水培育中试组幼虫孵化率达75.8%。而对照组孵化率仅为23.5%。流水孵化培育不仅提高了孵化率，而且稳定性较高，同时节省大量劳动力。     

基于线性食物网模型估算荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量

俚岛人工鱼礁区是中国北方近海典型的海珍品增殖型人工鱼礁生态系统,刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)和皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)是该生态系的主要增殖放流种类。基于2009年在荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区进行的周年生物资源调查数据,利用EWE软件构建俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),对该模型进行了不确定性及输入参数敏感度检验,系统分析了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统特征和能量流动规律,估算了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统内刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量。模型由19个功能组构成,基本涵盖了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。分析结果表明,模型可信度P指数为0.51,小型底层鱼类生产量与生物量的比值(P/B)下降50%会使小型底层鱼类生物量(B)估算值变化1.36,影响最大;系统总流量为10 786.680 t/(km2.a),其中27%流向碎屑,17%以捕捞和沉积的形式流出系统;系统的总初级生产力为4 131.966 t/(km2.a);系统的总能量转换效率为10.5%,流量中来自碎屑的比例为39%,其中的61%直接来源于初级生产者,能流通道以牧食食物链为主导;刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生态容纳量为309.4 t/km2和198.86 t/km2,目前礁区刺参和皱纹盘鲍的生物量分别占估算生态容纳量的31.72%和26.15%,仍具一定的增殖空间。     

Growth performance and the soft body composition of juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846, fed the extruded pellets substituting fish meal and macroalgae with tunic meal of sea squirt,Halocynthia roretzi

Growth performance and the soft body composition of juvenile abalone fed the extruded pellets (EPs) substituting fish meal (FM) and macroalgae (MA) with tunic meal of sea squirt (SS) was investigated. A total of 1,260 abalone were distributed into 18 containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. Five diets were pelletized by an extruder pelleter. The 140 g/kg FM and 250 g/kg mixture of MA were included into the control (Con) diet. Five hundred and 1,000 g/kg of each FM and MA were substituted with an equal amount of tunic meal of SS, referred to as the FM50, FM0, MA50 and MA0 diets, respectively. Finally, dry Undaria pinnatifida was prepared. Weight gain and specific growth rate of abalone fed all EPs were greater than those fed U. pinnatifida. Weight gain of abalone fed MA50 and FM50 diets was greater than Con and FM0 diets, but not different from MA0 diet. Higher crude protein and lipid contents were observed in soft body of abalone fed all EPs compared to U. pinnatifida. In conclusion, FM and MA up to 500 and 1,000 g/kg, respectively, could be replaced with tunic meal of SS in EPs without retardation in growth of abalone.     

Comparative performance of juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, reared in laboratory with fresh kelp and balanced diets

Juvenile Haliotis rufescens were reared in the laboratory in order to investigate the extent to which fresh kelp and formulated feeds with 250 g kg⁻¹ (25P) and 380 g kg⁻¹ protein content (38P) affected their growth rate, gut residence time (GRT), food consumption ( C ), food conversion ratio (FCR) and digestibility. Abalone from 38P attained the highest growth rate (70.5 ± 4.2 μm day⁻¹; 98.3 ± 6.95 μg day⁻¹), followed by 25P (47.9 ± 2.79 μm day⁻¹; 67.4 ± 2.82 μg day⁻¹) and kelp (23.6 ± 3.36 μm day⁻¹; 28.2 ± 4.11 μg day⁻¹). No significant differences were observed in consumption rate among treatments (0.61–0.68% body weight per day), yet kelp-fed abalone exhibited higher FCR (2.44), protein efficiency ratio (4.42), and apparent digestibility of dry matter (69.5%), protein (69.8%) and gross energy (79.2%) than 38P organisms (59.8, 62.4 and 62.2%, respectively). They also showed longer GRT (23.1 ± 0.93 h). This study demonstrated that formulated diets with 250 g kg⁻¹ and 380 g kg⁻¹ protein inclusion can sustain higher growth rates of juvenile H. rufescens than fresh algae. These differences seem to be due to the amount of dietary protein. Kelp meal appears to improve the consumption and digestibility of balanced diets, and its inclusion in formulated diets is recommended.     

Growth and biochemical composition of juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens fed rehydrated macroalgae

Under controlled laboratory conditions, juvenile green abalone Haliotis fulgens were fed rehydrated natural feeds to determine the effects on growth, survival, feed efficiency and biochemical composition of the digestive gland and muscle. Five macroalgae, Ulva sp. (Chlorophyta), Eisenia arborea, Macrocystis pyrifera, Egregia menziesii (Phaeophyta) and Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta) were tested. The macroalgae promoted growth, although, depending on the species, there were considerable differences in growth, feed efficiency and biochemical composition of the digestive gland and muscle. Mean growth rate in length and weight and survival rate varied within the ranges 1.6–15.1 μm day^?1, 1.4–8.1 mg day^?1 and 44–69%, respectively. Significantly, higher growth rates were obtained from Egregia menziesii, M. pyrifera and P. perforata. Feed conversion ratio ranged from 6.5 to 42.4 for P. perforata and Ulva sp. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid contents in the digestive gland ranged from 113 to 180, 98.3 to 448 and 17.2 to 23.3 mg g^?1_, respectively. In muscle, the ranges were 66.9–123, 9.5–23.2 and 2.8–3.9 mg g^?1, respectively. This study shows that rehydrated Egregia menziesii, M. pyrifera and, particularly, P. perforata are more efficient in promoting growth than Ulva sp. and E. arborea which match results reported by other authors when using the same fresh macroalgae.     

Temperature and size range for the transport of juvenile donkey's ear abalone Haliotis asinina Linne

Live transport of hatchery‐produced juvenile donkey's ear abalone Haliotis asinina Linne was examined to evaluate the effect of transportation on the survival of juvenile abalone. Simulated transport experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate temperature using 5, 10 and 20 g L^?1 of ice to air volume for 8 h and the appropriate size using two size groups (Size A, 15–20 mm, 0.5–1.3 g, and Size B, 30–35 mm, 5.3–8.5 g) up to 24‐h out‐of‐water live transport. Survival was significantly higher (P<0.001) when 10 g L^?1 of ice was used to decrease the temperature to the range of 17–23 °C. At this temperature, both size groups subjected to simulated transport for 8 and 10 h had 100% survival after 48 h, while mortality occurred in abalones subjected to 16 and 24 h of simulated transport. The Size B abalone subjected to 24 h of transport had significantly higher survival (64.4 ± 2.9%) (P<0.001) than the Size A abalone (5.5 ± 1.6%) after 48 h. Live juvenile abalone were successfully transported to the field applying the protocols developed in the lab experiment. This study serves as a guide for handling and shipping live juvenile abalone.     

皱纹盘鲍南北方群体的高温应激和生长差异

为研究皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)经过杂交和南方养殖后,南方群体(杂交群体)是否与北方群体(自交群体)在适温性上是否产生了差异,从而是否更加适应南方高温环境,本研究开展了皱纹盘鲍南北方群体的高温应激和南方地区养殖实验。高温应激实验中:经过30℃应激后,南方群体恢复期所有取样组织中HSP70在0 h的表达量都显著高于北方群体(P0.05),HSP90在外套膜和肝胰脏中的表达量也高于北方群体(鳃中的表达量略低但差异不显著);经过33℃应激后,南方群体HSP70和HSP90在足、外套膜和鳃0 h表达量都显著高于北方群体(P0.05)。养殖实验中:从12月开始至翌年2月水温不超过17.11℃,为北方群体的快速生长期,生长快于南方群体;从3月开始,水温逐渐超过20℃,北方群体生长慢于南方群体,同时北方群体开始出现死亡现象,7月北方群体大量死亡,存活数量不足30粒。综合HSP70、HSP90的高温应激表达和养殖实验结果,可以得出:皱纹盘鲍经过杂交和南方累代养殖后,适温上限有所提高,已与北方群体产生较大差异,可适应较高的水温;30℃水温刺激下南北方群体的HSP70的相对表达量与对高温的耐受性具有正相关性,可以在鲍的抗高温选育种中进行辅助筛选。     

皱纹盘鲍血细胞分类及活性氧产生机理的研究

研究了皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino血细胞的组成、数量、吞噬作用及活性氧产生机理。皱纹盘鲍血细胞分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞两大类。透明细胞无颗粒,具嗜碱性细胞质,约占循环血细胞总量的60％;颗粒细胞含嗜酸性颗粒。这两种血细胞都有吞噬作用,尤其是颗粒细胞,经酵母细胞刺激后,血细胞释放活性氧,还原氮蓝四唑(NBT)形成甲欣沉淀,有化学发光现象。长期饥饿的皱纹盘鲍,血细胞活性氧量低于正常水平。     

九孔鲍性腺发育过程中消化酶活力的变化

用酶学方法研究了性腺发育过程中九孔鲍肝胰腺和消化道中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力的变化。试验结果表明,雌、雄九孔鲍各消化酶活力均随着性腺发育呈先升后降的变化趋势。在性腺发育早期和晚期酶活力较低,在性腺发育中期酶活力显著升高,且均在成熟前期达到最高值。九孔鲍繁殖期各消化酶的活力分布存在器官特异性和性别差异,九孔鲍的淀粉酶和纤维素酶活力在各性腺发育期均表现为肝胰腺消化道,雌鲍雄鲍。同种消化器官内各消化酶的活力也存在差异,雌、雄九孔鲍繁殖期肝胰腺和消化道内各消化酶的最大活力均为:纤维素酶淀粉酶蛋白酶。