Shell marking by artificial feeding of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina Linne juveniles for sea ranching and stock enhancement

A method of marking abalone (Haliotis asinina Linne) for sea ranching and stock enhancement purposes was developed. Three‐month‐old abalone juveniles (11.8‐mm shell length, 0.28 g) were fed artificial diets for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. The width of the bluish‐green shell band produced by abalone juveniles was 1.7, 2.6, and 4.2 mm after 1, 2, or 3 weeks of feeding respectively. The growth and survival of juveniles fed artificial diets did not differ from that of juveniles fed the seaweed Gracilariopsis bailinae (control). Feeding the diet‐fed juveniles with the seaweed thereafter produced the natural brownish shell, thus forming a sandwiched bluish‐green band. An experimental release in outdoor tanks with natural growth of seaweeds and diatoms, and in a marine reserve showed that the shell band remained clear and distinct, indicating the usefulness of this shell marking method in sea ranching and stock enhancement of abalone.     

皱纹盘鲍脏器多糖的分离纯化及鉴定

利用碱性蛋白酶从皱纹盘鲍脏器中提取多糖,采用胃蛋白酶和Sevag相结合的方法脱除蛋白质;经Sephadex G-100凝胶柱层析和DEAE-cellu lose 52离子交换层析分离纯化得到AHP-2;AHP-2经高效液相色谱和比旋光度法鉴定其为均一性多糖;紫外扫描无蛋白质的特征吸收峰;红外光谱分析,AHP-2具有典型的多糖吸收峰和硫酸基吸收峰;凝胶色谱法测定其分子量为10 000~15 000;化学组成分析表明,AHP-2是硫酸酯多糖,硫酸根含量11.55%;气相色谱测定单糖组成为鼠李糖、岩藻糖、木糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,其摩尔比Rha∶Fuc∶Xyl∶Gal∶G lu=6.7∶2.0∶3.9∶7.4∶1.0。     

不同温度对九孔鲍能量收支影响的研究

在摸拟自然条件下,设定5个温度梯度（15、19、23、27、3lac）进行了室内水族箱养殖,结果表明,九孔鲍（Haliotis diversicolor superrtesxa）的生长能和代谢能随温度的增加而增加,高于此温度时则相反,呈负相关关系。在温度为27℃时,九孔鲍的生长能占摄食能的比例达到最大值。九孔鲍在各温度下的能量收支方程为：15℃：100（C）=18．05（F）＋8．00（U）＋7．91（M）＋39．60（R）＋7．14（Psh）＋9．36（Pg）＋9．94 19℃：100（C）=19．89（F）＋12．24（U）＋7．97（M）＋33．74（R）＋6．62（Psh）＋9．54（Pg）＋10．01 23℃：100（C）=17．43（F）＋12．93（U）＋7．04（M）＋33．79（R）＋6．20（Psh）＋10．25（Pg）＋12．37 27℃：100（C）=15．56（F）＋11．03（U）＋7．05（M）＋28．53（R）＋13．67（Psh）＋16．12（Pg）＋8．03 31℃：100（C）=18．82（F）＋13．87（U）＋12．52（M）＋38．44（R）＋12．35（Psh）＋13．62（Pg）-9．62从能量收支方程中看出,只有小部分能量用于生长壳,一部分能量用于生长软体肉能,绝大部分能量用于代谢,还有一小部分能量用于排泄、排粪和分泌粘液。     

Physiological metabolism of Haliotis discus hannai Ino under different light qualities and cycles

The goal of this experiment was to examine the effects of different light qualities (red, white, blue) and cycles (12L:12D, 8L:16D, 4L:20D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D) on the survival, growth, metabolism and antioxidant defence system of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Under red and white light at 4L:20D, the body weight‐specific growth rate of abalones was significantly higher than that of the 0L:24D group (P < 0.05). At 16L:8D, succinate dehydrogenase activity decreased and lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase activity and the lactic acid content significantly rose (P < 0.05) in the red and white light groups. Under blue light, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content for each light cycle were significantly higher than those of the red and white groups (P < 0.05). Under blue, white and red light, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GP_X) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content gradually rose with increased duration of light exposure. Under red light, significant differences in these parameters were detected between the 4L:20D and 16L:8D groups (P < 0.05). Under blue and white light at 16L:8D, values of T‐AOC, SOD, GP_X activity and GSH content were significantly lower than those of the 12L:12D group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicate that red light at light cycles of 4L:20D and 8L:16D is optimal for the culture and production of H. discus hannai, as these conditions promoted food intake, growth and health maintenance as well as normal physiological metabolism of the organism.     

基于DEB理论的皱纹盘鲍个体生长模型参数的测定

为获取皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)个体生长模型所需的6个关键参数,设计了饥饿耗能、温度对耗氧的影响等相关生理实验,计算得到各项参数值。单位体积维持耗能率的值 、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量值 、单位体积最大储存能量 和储备能量值 4个参数,通过连续测定皱纹盘鲍饥饿过程中呼吸耗氧率和软组织干重不断下降直至保持稳定时的能量值计算;温度函数中Arrhenius温度 的数值根据皱纹盘鲍在不同温度梯度下的单位干重耗氧率测定、计算;形状系数δm值通过统计测量的壳长、软组织湿重等生物学参数拟合回归得到。结果显示,皱纹盘鲍在饥饿后,呼吸耗氧率和软组织干重分别降低了26.3%和70.0%,呼吸耗氧率由2.69 mg/(ind.?h)逐渐降低并稳定在0.8 mg/(ind.?h),软组织干重由(5.21±0.89) g降低至(3.84±0.22) g;根据公式计算得 和 的值分别为20.18 J/(cm3?d)和8120 J/cm;皱纹盘鲍饥饿前后有机物含量分别为80%和58%,经过换算, 和 的值分别为2726 J/cm3和32583 J/g。不同规格的皱纹盘鲍在水温为5℃~20℃范围内,温度与单位干重耗氧率呈正比;当水温超过20℃之后,温度与单位干重耗氧率呈反比。在转折点20℃之前,单位干重耗氧率的ln值与温度(热力学温度,K)的倒数呈线性关系,线性回归方程斜率的绝对值为Arrhenius温度 值( =7196 K)。生物学统计分析鲍壳长(L)与体积(V)呈三次函数关系：V=0.0639 L3.1621(R²=0.9852),根据公式对软组织湿重的立方根与壳长进行线性回归,所得的斜率即为形状系数δm值(δm=0.43)。本研究对建立以DEB理论为指导的皱纹盘鲍个体生长模型提供了数据支撑。     

Research on abalone (Haliotis midae L.) cultivation in South Africa

Although abalone fisheries in South Africa have existed since 1949, cultivation started by successful spawning of captured specimens in 1981 to produce spat and juveniles. Twelve abalone farms, with an estimated investment of US$12 million, have since been established on the coast of South Africa, with a projected production of 500–800 tons. While Haliotis midae could reach a maximum size of about 200 mm shell length at an age of over 30 years in the wild, farm production is concentrating on an average size of 100 mm after 5 years. Growth rates of 0.08–4.5% body weight day ^?1 for abalone of 10–17 mm shell length have been found under stimulated farming conditions on formulated diets, while the corresponding feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 0.9–2.4. Growth rate, FCR and protein efficiency ratio decline at water temperatures above 20 °C. Anaesthetics, for example magnesium sulphate, are used to prevent injury during removal from tanks. Prostrate diatoms, such as Cocconeis sublittoralis (Hendey), Amphora proteoides (Hustedt) and Achnanthes brevipes (Agardh) are preferred after the larval stage (5–7 days, depending on temperature) are finished. South Africa abalone growers prefer formulated feeds in pellet form, which is convenience and cost favourable to farm operations and management. Although fish meal has been found to be the most suitable protein source for inclusion in formulated diets, plant proteins such as soy bean meal, cottonseed meal and sunflower meal presented good growth and apparent protein digestibility. The parasite sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, recently named by Australian and American researchers, is indigenous to a variety of South African intertidal molluscs and impedes growth by causing irritation beneath the mantle in abalone. Prevention to some degree is possible by high standards of hygiene and husbandry of abalone in the tanks, but new techniques to control large infestations now include ultrasound. In spite of a reputation for toughness, abalone meat frozen immediately after shucking is tender relative to red meat. The success of abalone farming in South Africa has been as a result of a high degree of cooperation between the private sector and government‐backed research institutions, and it is anticipated that this collaboration will continue.     

2种底栖硅藻饲养杂色鲍幼体和稚贝的饵料效果

用羽纹藻（Pinnularia sp．）、简单双眉藻（Amprhoraexigua）、羽纹藻和简单双眉藻混合（混合组）作为饵料,以自然海区采集的硅藻作对照,研究其对杂色鲍（Haliotisdiversicolor）幼体和稚贝成活和生长的影响,确定人工分离的2种硅藻的饵料效果。结果表明,2种底栖硅藻在杂色鲍育苗中具有一定的饵料价值。饵料种类对不同规格杂色鲍的成活率和生长影响显著,并且2个观测指标的结果相同。幼体羽纹藻组、简单双眉藻、混合组3组间的成活率、生长无显著差异,但都明显比对照组低;稚贝简单双眉藻、混合组和对照组无显著差异,羽纹藻组显著比对照组低。     

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆筏式混养研究

皱纹盘鲍与光棘球海胆的混养可有效地防治污损生物的附着。综合分析鲍与海胆的生长、存活及防污损生物附着的效果,在生长期、高温期和恢复生长期混养海胆的最适密度分别为１５．２０个／格和１５－２０个／格。