一种溶质运移数学模型的应用研究

土壤中溶质运移的过程、规律和机理是土壤溶质运移研究的主要内容。本文的目的是对模拟非饱和介质中水分和溶质迁移的二维数值模型SWMS－2D进行研究和验证。以硝酸盐形式存在的溶解氮是地下水中最常见的污染物，将硝态氮视为土壤溶质，考虑其根系吸收、生物固持、吸附、解吸、硝化和反硝化等作用，土壤表面即上边界条件用大气边界条件描述，下边界条件定为第一类边界条件，在田间条件下对模型作了检验。     

Analysis of Sewage-water Heat Exchanger withthe Function of Auto-de-fouling

A sewage-water shell-tube heat exchanger with the function of de-fouling was proposed and designed for sewage-source heat pump. Its new simulation program which relies on a distribution parameter computational method was set up. Then the model was solved with the method of Matrix Control. Based on the model, the distribution of bilateral fluid temperature were studied, under the conditions of different flow rates and heat exchange area before and after the de-fouling. Results showed that there will be heat anti-transfer phenomenon if the heat exchanger area is bigger than need and the region of this phenomenon was point out. Setting the function of auto-de-fouling in shell-tube heat exchanger and reducing the equipment's volume accordingly can make the sewage-water heat exchanger run in the best conditions.     

Factors affecting the adoption of agroforestry practices by farmers in Cameroon

This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of agroforestry practices in Cameroon. The analysis uses primary farm-level data collected from June to December 1996. Three major provinces of the country were covered, namely Centre, Southwest and Northwest Several agroforestry technologies have been promoted among farmers in the zone, including alley farming, improved fallow, live fencing, cut-and-carry fodder and apiculture. The status of adoption of each agroforestry practice is described and factors that affect adoption identified. These are gender of farmer, household family size, level of education, farmer’s experience, membership within farmers’ associations, contact with research and extension, security of land tenure, agroecological zone, distance of the village from nearest town, village accessibility and income from livestock. Research findings indicate that since factors affecting farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices differ across techniques, generalisation is to be avoided.     

Spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in relation to spatial distributions of krill in the Ross Sea,Antarctica

The spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales in the Ross Sea with relation to spatial distributions of their prey – krill – was investigated in this study using generalized additive models (GAMs). Spatial distributions of two species of krill (ice and Antarctic krill) were estimated by GAMs. Three abiotic factors – distance from the continental shelf break (800 m isobaths), the mean temperature and salinity from the surface to 200 m (MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200), and latitude and longitude – were used as covariates for models of krill. Estimated spatial distributions of krill were then used with other covariates to model the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales. In the selected model of Antarctic minke whales, Antarctic krill were more influential than ice krill. The number of Antarctic minke whales increased as the density of Antarctic krill increased to around 1.5 g m^?2. Beyond that, the number of Antarctic minke whales decreased as the density of Antarctic krill increased. High densities of the Antarctic minke whales were estimated along the sea ice edge in the eastern part of the Ross Sea. Specifically, the densities were high in the north of the continental shelf break where low MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200 and intermediate densities of Antarctic krill were observed. Further data collection is needed to investigate interannual variations and trends in their relationship. The results show that the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales is a function of longitude, distance from the shelf break, oceanographic condition (temperature and salinity), and densities of ice and Antarctic krill.     

兴安落叶松天然林树冠生长特性分析

分析兴安落叶松天然林分级木和林分冠生长特性,建立冠幅生长及单株冠、枝、叶生物量模型。结果表明:1)年龄36～39年、密度983～3263株·hm-2林分和年龄54～61年、密度1101～2241株·hm-2林分,随林分密度增加,分级木冠幅差距趋于减小;冠长占树高比例及冠长与冠幅比值增加;优势木、平均木和被压木平均冠积分别达22.479,15.296,6.179和26.864,11.154,8.192m3。2)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分优势木、平均木和被压木平均单株冠生物量分别为0.0082,0.0049,0.0009和0.0079,0.0038,0.0014t;占单株地上生物量平均比例分别达18.5%,24.2%,17.3%和15.9%,12.0%,20.5%。3)单株冠生物量分配中,枝比例高于叶比例,并因分级木不同而不同。年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,优势木、平均木、被压木枝生物量比例分别为76.6%,74.7%,66.6%和76.8%,73.3%,71.4%;叶生物量比例分别为23.4%,25.3%,33.4%和23.2%,26.7%,28.6%。4)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,林分...     

植物生长发育过程中G蛋白偶联受体的研究进展

植物G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)可以调控细胞周期,参与多种信号转导途径进而影响植物生长发育。植物GPCRs介导的G蛋白信号转导途径是一种非常保守的信号机制。本研究归纳了植物GPCR介导的细胞信号途径组分,总结了植物GPCRs在生长发育中的功能,并分析了植物GPCR影响种子萌发、影响幼苗的发育、影响根的生长三方面的研究进展,提出了植物GPCR调控生长发育的模型。     

岩羊和马鹿对人与机动车反应的差异分析

人为干扰会对野生动物种间关系、个体适合度、群落结构和繁殖成功率等产生中长期的影响。因此,研究野生动物反干扰行为对于我们认识该物种对其生境的行为适应和进化机制具有重要意义。2017年11—12月在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内通过建立多元逻辑斯蒂回归模型研究了岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的反干扰策略,本研究共设置33条样线,记录了10种在人为干扰下可能会影响岩羊、马鹿反应行为的变量,经模型分析发现影响岩羊反应行为的变量有5种,影响马鹿反应行为的变量有4种,共同影响因子分别是干扰源、性别、头的朝向和地形特征,而植被类型则只对岩羊产生影响。最后根据逻辑模型得出的数据计算发生比,从而了解各个分类变量与反应行为的关系。     

西部退耕还林还草的序量问题探讨

针对目前退耕还林还革存在的严重盲动性和炒作性,认为西部生态建设要走"种树更要种草,还草先于还林,建立林草一体化产业"的发展模式,并从实现第三步战略目标对西部种草养畜发展畜牧业的要求和西部生态"先天性基因缺损"的规律等方面进行了详尽的论述,提出了退耕还林还革、建立林草一体化产业的对策措施.     

奶牛杂交群体及其遗传评估的模拟研究

为验证在奶牛杂交群体中将品种组成和杂合度作为协变量的遗传评估理论,为奶牛杂交模式选择和杂交群体遗传评估等实际问题提供理论依据,结合我国奶业现状,本研究模拟了在低产荷斯坦牛群引入法系蒙贝利亚牛、德系西门塔尔牛进行杂交,采用随机交配和三品种轮回杂交模式、群体世代重叠17年的繁育过程.群体杂合度在第7年后趋于平衡,轮回杂交模式的群体杂合度高于随机交配.经过杂交,原中低产荷斯坦牛群体在产奶性能、生长性能方面都有进展,轮回杂交提高幅度相对略高.此外,利用品种效应和杂合度效应剖分杂种优势,采用单性状和多性状动物模型对模拟群体进行遗传评估,效果基本一致,都可以很好地用于杂交群体的遗传评估.结果表明,对荷斯坦牛中低产群体进行杂交,可实现生产性能和效益的提高,回归模型可用于多元群体的遗传评估.     

放牧对西藏高寒嵩草草甸地上生物量空间分布的影响

以西藏自治区工布江达县的高寒嵩草（Kobresia）草甸为研究对象,利用地上生物量测定法对草地群落进行实地调查,并结合γ分布模型,从空间异质性角度来探索放牧对西藏高寒草甸地上生物量及其空间分布格局的影响,以期为高寒牧区退化草地的恢复及生产力的提高提供理论指导。结果表明：未放牧区（N）、适度放牧区（M）和重度放牧区（H）植物种地上生物量的空间分布与γ模型均具有很好的吻合性;样方内的平均生物量随着放牧强度的增大而减少,且适度放牧、重度放牧与未放牧区生物量之间均差异极显著（P<0.01）;群落的空间异质性表现为N>H>M,且草地植物种的生物量与其空间异质性负相关。因此在草地的管理与利用中,应有效控制植物群落的空间异质性来提高草地生产力,实现草畜平衡。