Long Term Rearing of Cuttlefish in a Small Scale Facility

Cephalopods are arguably the most complex and fascinating aquatic invertebrate taxa. Except for a few well known exceptions, this group of organisms has been a challenge to study primarily due to difficulties in rearing and maintaining these animals in a small laboratory setting. Our knowledge about cephalopod rearing comes mainly from large marine centers, with much less known about small scale rearing facilities. This paper describes a bench top (ca. 450 litre) aquarium system that is relatively inexpensive, easy to maintain, and suitable for long term rearing of cuttlefish in the laboratory. This closed aquarium system uses artificial sea water and a biological filter to remove/recycle nitrogenous wastes. The simple design of this system can be easily replicated by inland researchers interested in studying cuttlefish but who have been thwarted by the lack of suitable housing facilities. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同矮化中间砧对金冠苹果树体及根系生长发育的影响

本试验以嫁接不同矮化中间砧的2年生盆栽金冠苹果树为试材,研究不同矮化砧木对金冠树体及根系生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同矮化中间砧影响金冠苹果树体及根系的生长发育。中间砧为GM256的金冠苹果,树体高度及新梢生长量最大,除根系直径外,其余根系形态指标也均为最大值,树体矮化效果最差;SH1树体矮化效果最好;SH6矮化中间砧木与接穗亲和性最好,辽砧2号组合的亲和性最差;d≦0.5mm根径级的毛细根为金冠苹果幼树根系中的主要组成部分。     

Nutritional Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Candida sake (CPA-1) against Penicillium expansum on Apples and Pears

Pome fruits are poor in nitrogenous compounds and the addition of nitrogen can improve colonisation of the fruits by antagonists. Twenty-two nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effect on Candida sake (CPA-1) growth in vitro. Ten compounds that induced greater growth were applied with the antagonist to wounded fruits to evaluate their effect on enhancing control of Penicillium expansum. Calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were also tested. L-serine and L-aspartic acid enhanced biocontrol by C. sake against P. expansum on apples. On apples and pears, ammonium molybdate, calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose improved the capacity of the antagonist to control P. expansum. The addition of ammonium molybdate at 1 mM allowed C. sake to be used on apples and pears at a lower concentration without diminishing control. Similar results were observed with the addition of calcium chloride to the antagonist. 2-deoxy-D-glucose at 6 and 18 mM enhanced biocontrol on pears by over 81%, but on apples the improvement of biocontrol was observed only at 6 mM. In cold storage, the combination of ammonium molybdate and C. sake completely eliminated the incidence of blue mould on pears, and reduced its severity and incidence by more than 80% on apples.     

黄鹂无齿鲹(Gnathanodon speciosus)胚胎发育及胚后发育

黄鹂无齿鲹(Gnathanodon speciosus)是一种兼具观赏与食用价值的名贵海水鱼类。本文报道了黄鹂无齿鲹的胚胎及胚后发育特征。受精卵孵化条件为：盐度(30.26±0.67)‰、 温度 (24.72 ± 0.32)°C 、 pH值(7.46±0.12)、溶解氧(5.13±0.33) mg/L、光照强度约3 000 LUX。结果显示黄鹂无齿鲹受精卵为透明浮性圆球形,平均卵径764.29 ± 14.74 μm;含单油球,油球平均直径166.32 ± 18.28 μm。胚胎发育历经受精卵期、胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期与孵化出膜期８个阶段,再进一步细分成24个时期。受精后18 h 30 min孵化出膜,进入仔鱼阶段（含前仔鱼期和后仔鱼期）。前仔鱼期位于孵化后0-3天,卵黄囊没有完全吸收;后仔鱼期位于孵化后4-20天,卵黄囊完全吸收。初孵仔鱼全长1 520 ± 19 μm,出膜后第6天油球储备耗尽并形成鳔。孵化后第20天,鱼体后脊索完全弯曲,各鳍和消化系统发育完善,体表大量色素沉淀且具有独立生活的能力,仔鱼进入稚鱼阶段。本研究为黄鹂无齿鲹苗种培育提供了重要参考。     

Synergistic interactions betweenRhizoctonia solani Kühn,Verticillium dahliae Kleb.,Meloidogyne spp. andPratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Chitwood & Oteifa,in potato

Summary Samples of a sandy soil and a marine clay soil sterilized by steam were put in 55-1 containers insulated with polystyrene and placed outdoors on a brick pavement. Sandy soil was infested singly or in all possible combinations with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the fungiRhizoctonia solani andVerticillium dahliae, and the marine clay soil was infested with the root-lesion nematodePratylenchus neglectus and the same fungi to evaluate the effects of these organisms on the yield of potato. The experiments were carried out from 1983 to 1986. Tuber yield was reduced by single infestations of theMeloidogyne spp. andV. dahliae but not significantly byR. solani orP. neglectus. A three-factor interaction: nematode ×R. solani × V. dahliae was found in both experiments.R. solani andV. dahliae showed significant synergistic effects when soil was infested with theMeloidogyne spp. orP. neglectus.     

New urban habitat for endangered humpback whales: San Francisco Bay

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