利用音响驯化提高黑鲷对饵料的利用率

以黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus作为试验对象,采用音响驯化技术,每天配合投饵定时放声集鱼。结果表明,驯化7d后,黑鲷对声音产生了反应,并呈正趋声性。试验初期,黑鲷的摄食时间为10～12min,驯化结束时其摄食时间缩短到2～3min。试验期间,定期测量鱼的体长和体重,得出鱼的体长、体重与摄食量的关系曲线图及关系方程,从而确定在黑鲷的不同生长阶段(60～100g),其日摄食量为4．38～6．47g／尾。     

环形网在黑鲷与日本对虾混养池中的使用效果

为在虾池中混养黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus),特在虾池中设置环形网.在环形网内养殖黑鲷,并设置集鱼网箱以驱赶的方式将黑鲷集中捕捞;在环形网外边养殖日本对虾(Penaeus japonicus),通过移植藻钩虾(Amphithoe japonica)、拟沼螺(Assiminea sp.)等为对虾提供生物饵料.在2 hm2的虾池中养殖黑鲷产量4 330 kg,捕捞成活率100%,对虾产量为1 100 kg,获利6万余元.     

Enhancement of image-based fecundity methods: Gravimetric sampling at sea and safer sample preservation

Collecting accurate fecundity samples in the field is challenging as field scales are often unreliable and inaccurate in rough seas. In addition, the storage and use of caustic preservatives may be difficult and dangerous. Quantifying the efficacy of both a non-caustic alternative to traditional preservatives, and the use of pre-weighed vials in sampling protocols is essential in improving the accuracy and utility of field samples. Streck Tissue Fixative (STF) is a less toxic alternative to traditional preservatives and proved effective in the short- and long-term preservation of haddock (Melogrammus aeglefinus) and cod oocytes (Gadus morhua). We found no time series trend or systematic change in the number of oocytes counted and there was stabilization in size decay by the second month, which is comparable to traditionally used preservatives. In examining the use of pre-weighed vials we compared several different vial types. Plastic vials with an o-ring showed a satisfactory predictable loss and we were able to develop a system of time dependent corrections for evaporative rate. Thermal effect was also examined, with evaporative loss decreasing at low temperatures. The effectual use of an alternative preservative and the validation of the use of pre-weighed vials have the potential to increase the efficiency and accuracy of field sampling.     

太平洋鳕抗冻基因AFP4的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

为进一步研究太平洋鳕Gadus macrocephalus抗冻蛋白AFP4的功能,通过RT-PCR方法克隆得到太平洋鳕4型抗冻蛋白基因(AFP4)的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),构建原核表达载体并优化表达条件,利用纯化的重组蛋白制备多克隆抗体,采用间接ELISA法检测抗体的效价,用Western-blot法分析重组蛋白的免疫原性。结果表明:AFP4基因编码区长度为375 bp,编码125个氨基酸;将AFP4基因的ORF与载体p ET-32a连接,构建重组体p ET-32a-AFP4,并将其转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中;经诱导、表达和条件优化,发现该重组体在37℃、0.01 mmol/L IPTG条件下诱导3 h获得最大的表达量;对该重组蛋白进行纯化,利用纯化的蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,采用间接ELISA法检测该抗体效价为1∶1 600 000;Western blot分析显示,重组蛋白可以与兔抗AFP4多克隆抗体发生特异性结合,表明该重组蛋白具有免疫原性。本研究结果可为深入研究太平洋鳕AFP4蛋白功能提供理论依据。     

Similarities and differences in oxynticopeptic cell ultrastructure of one marine teleost, Gadus morhua and one freshwater teleost, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during basal and histamine-stimulated phases of acid secretion

Oxynticopeptic cells (OC) from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were studied during basal acid secretion and during stimulation with histamine. An in vitro method for measuring acid secretion from isolated stomac a was used. The OC ultrastructure was studied using electron microscopy. During basal acid secretion, the OC had short apical microvilli, an extensive tubulovesicular network, large electron-dense vesicles and many mitochondria. Stimulation of acid s tion with histamine and ultrastructural changes in the OC occurred simultaneously. The acid stimulation promoted large increases in the length of microvilli, a decrease in the size of the tubulovesicular network and an increase in the diameter of the ndular lumen in cod. Large vacuoles were found to characterize the histamine-stimulated OC. These were located close to the apical membrane and sometimes opened into the lumen. During stimulation, electron-dense vesicles were often observed close to apical membrane and the large vacuoles. Sometimes these vesicles were observed inside the glandular lumen and/or the large vacuoles. It is concluded that the ultrastructure of the OC in the saltwater cod and the freshwater trout show similar characte ics as OC in other animal groups both during basal and high rates of acid secretion. In addition, vacuoles were found in both species OC during basal rates of acid secretion and they significantly increased in size during high rates of acid secretion propose that the OC vacuole have a part in the osmoregulation, since the increase was tenfold in cod but less then one-fold in trout, this difference was statistically significant.     

饲料维生素E水平对黑鲷鱼抗氧化能力和鱼肉货架期的影响

探讨了饲料维生素E水平对黑鲷抗氧化酶活力和肉品质的影响.300尾平均初重为(350±12)g黑鲷随机分成3组,放入9个网箱.饲料中添加3个水平的维生素E(250、500和1 000 mg/kg α-生育酚乙酸酯),饲养8周.结果发现:(1)随着饲料中维生素E添加量的增加,黑鲷血清SOD、CAT酶活力明显上升,其中VE 1 000组最高,VE 1 000和VE 500组显著高于VE 250组(P＜0.05);(2)饲料维生素E含量对血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力没有显著影响(P＞0.05);(3)鲜活黑鲷肌肉氧化代谢产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量3个组间没有显著差异(P＞0.05);(4)黑鲷冷藏第3、6、9天,高水平维生素E(VE 500和VE 1 000)组肌肉MDA含量显著低于低水平维生素E组(VE 250)(P＜0.05).     

黑鲷受铜、镉胁迫的生理反应

研究了不同浓度的铜、镉处理液对黑鲷体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明:在48 h内对照组和铜、镉处理组(≤5 mg/L)中黑鲷均未出现死亡;48 h后对照组与铜、镉处理组中黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性值差异极显著(P<0.01),而且变化趋势基本一致,即低浓度处理组对黑鲷体内SOD和CAT活性起诱导作用,而高浓度处理组则起抑制作用,其中在处理浓度为0.5 mg/L时SOD和CAT活性达到最高值,在试验过程中存在明显的"毒理兴奋"作用。因此,铜、镉处理对黑鲷的生理生化存在着一定的影响,建议可以以黑鲷SOD和CAT活性变化作为水环境监测的生物指标物,从而达到评价水生生态环境的目的。     

3种肉食性鱼类的捕食及脊尾白虾防御行为比较

通过对黑鲷、漠斑牙鲆及暗纹东方鲀3种肉食性鱼类捕食脊尾白虾的行为观察。结果发现,3种肉食性鱼捕食脊尾白虾的强度排列依次为黑鲷暗纹东方鲀漠斑牙鲆。脊尾白虾最主要的防御方式为尾扇拨水向后弹开。     

Evaluating spatio‐temporal variability in the habitat quality of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Gulf of Maine

Reduced abundance and contracted spatial distribution of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) may indicate large spatio‐temporal variation in their habitat quality. Season‐specific Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models were developed to quantify such variation in the offshore GOM management area. Data used were non‐zero cod catch rates with calibrations from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) spring and fall bottom trawl surveys over the period 1982–2013 and key physical environmental variables including depth, bottom temperature, bottom salinity and sediment types. Significant declines were found in the average HSI across the study area in the springs of early 2000s and 2010s. These low average HSI values coincide with reduced age‐1 recruitment of GOM cod stock after the mid‐1990s. Moreover, the western coastal areas of the GOM generally exhibited higher average HSI values than the eastern coastal areas, whereas the offshore areas always had the lowest average HSI. Relatively higher cod survey catch rates in the western GOM may imply positive influences of environmental controls on the distribution of GOM cod.     

Changes in the distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence — effects of environmental change or change in environmental preferences?

Density-independent redistribution in response to changing temperature conditions and density-dependent redistribution in response to changing temperature preferences are two contrasting hypotheses to explain changes in the distribution of cod populations. I tested these hypotheses using survey data on the distribution of cod during the feeding season in the southern Gulf of St Lawrence. These tests used indices of cod distribution as the dependent variable and indices of cod abundance and bottom temperature as explanatory variables. Both hypotheses were often supported in univariate tests that ignored confounding between the two explanatory variables. Tests that accounted for this confounding indicated an effect of cod abundance on distribution for ages 4–8⁺ years, and 3⁺, but provided no support for an effect of environmental conditions on distribution except for age 3. Variation in the temperature distribution of cod was consistent with an effect of abundance on interannual variation in distribution and with no effect of environment except for age 3 cod. Age 3 cod were consistently under-represented in areas of very cold bottom water but older cod were not. As predicted by bioenergetic considerations, cod tended to occupy colder water at high levels of abundance, suggesting a mechanism for density-dependent shifts in distribution. Shifts in cod distribution during the feeding season in the southern Gulf appear to be more closely linked to density-dependent changes in environmental preferences than to density-independent responses to changing environmental conditions.