Validation of the periodicity of growth zone formation in the otoliths of four fish species from the Upper Zambezi ecoregion,southern Africa

In the Upper Zambezi and Okavango ecoregions, Brycinus lateralis, Hepsetus cuvieri, Schilbe intermedius and Serranochromis macrocephalus are important in subsistence fisheries, while S. intermedius and S. macrocephalus are often caught in commercial catches. Despite their importance, there is little information on their age and growth and age validation. Growth zone deposition rate in otoliths of B. lateralis, H. cuvieri, S. intermedius and S. macrocephalus was validated as annual using edge analysis in this study. Annual deposition of growth zones was corroborated by a fluorochrome marking experiment. Both methods demonstrated that one growth zone was deposited annually. Edge analysis demonstrated that the highest proportion of opaque zones was detected between August and December, most likely as a result of slow growth during lower temperature water during the preceding winter. With growth zone deposition validated as annual, future research should focus on determining the growth, maturity and mortality rates of these species, parameters which are important for their management.     

饲喂频率对黑鲷生长及体生化成分的影响

选取同一种饵料设置4个饲喂频率水平(分别为1次/d、2次/d、4次/d、6次/d),采用静水连续充气养殖系统,在盐度为26.0~27.0、温度为26.8~24.5℃的条件下对黑鲷成鱼和鱼种进行为期40d的生长实验。结果表明:(1)摄食率不受饲喂频率的显著影响,饲喂频率影响黑鲷的生长是由饲料转化率的改变引起的。(2)黑鲷成鱼和鱼种的水分含量随饲喂频率的增高而增加,黑鲷成鱼脂肪含量随饲喂频率的增高而下降,黑鲷鱼种脂肪含量随饲喂频率的增高而增加。(3)在本试验条件下,适宜饲喂频率随着黑鲷鱼体重的增加而提高,黑鲷鱼种的适宜饲喂频率为2次/d,黑鲷成鱼的适宜饲喂频率为4次/d。     

土霉素在黑鲷体内的药物代谢动力学研究

首次报道了黑鲷口服土霉素的药物代谢动力学特征，用高效液相色谱法测定组织中的药物含量，药物在肌肉，血液，肝脏中的平均回归率分别为８５.61%,85.38%,82.005,该方法的检测限可达0.01μg/g，黑鲷１次口服剂量为７５mg/kg的土壤素后，其血液药物浓度－时间数据符合一室开放动力学模型，吸收速率常数（ka)为０.296/h，达峰时间（Ｔamx)为１０.635h,峰浓度（Ｃmax)为１.398μg/ml, 分布半衰期（Ｔ１／２a）为２.339h ,消除半衰期(T1/20β）为46.663h，药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）为１１0.25mg/L.h，黑绸口服药物０.5h后在血液，肥肉，肝脏，肾脏４种组织中就可以检测到药物的存在，药物在１６h的采样点浓度达最高，分别为1.68μg/ml,1.68,2.52,6.77μg/g。     

日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响

采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。     

人工鱼礁竖板不同方形孔径对黑鲷幼鱼诱集效果研究

建设人工鱼礁是修复海洋生境、养护渔业资源的重要措施.钢筋混凝土鱼礁是常用的人工鱼礁类型,鱼礁竖板(侧板、内部间板)方形开孔是钢筋混凝土鱼礁结构设计中主要设计参数,竖板方形孔径大小是影响鱼类诱集效果的重要因素.以人工鱼礁区常见的礁栖鱼类黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)幼鱼为研究对象,设计制作具有不同方形孔...     

大头鳕TNFSF6基因的结构分析及其在发育早期和病毒暴发时的表达水平

为揭示大头鳕TNFSF6基因的基本结构与功能及其在大头鳕发育和神经坏死病毒(Pacific cod nervous necrosis virus, PCNNV)暴发时的响应机制,本研究通过基因克隆获得TNFSF6 cDNA开放阅读框序列,并对序列进行生物信息学分析,运用相对荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法对TNFSF6在不同组织、孵化后不同日龄仔鱼和PCNNV感染前后仔稚鱼中的表达水平进行检测。结果显示,大头鳕TNFSF6 cDNA长1 388 bp,5′UTR占315bp,3′UTR占500 bp,ORF全长573 bp,编码190个氨基酸。qRT-PCR结果显示,TNFSF6在各组织均有表达,但在脾脏和鳃组织中的表达量较高;大头鳕孵化后15、20、37和40 d TNFSF6基因的转录水平分别是其在5 d转录水平的0.28、0.15、0.12和0.13倍。在24 d和46 d PCNNV暴发时,病鱼TNFSF6基因的转录水平高于对照组;在77 d PCNNV暴发时,病鱼TNFSF6转录水平则显著低于对照组。研究表明,TNFSF6基因在大头鳕发育早期和仔鱼暴发PCNNV时发挥了重要的作用。     

A method to determine protein digestibility of microdiets for larval and early juvenile fish

A method to evaluate protein quality using in vivo methods was developed for larval fish. FluoSpheres^® fluorescent microspheres (10 μm) were incorporated into two test diets, our standard zein microdiet (ZMD) and a microdiet with identical ingredients except for the replacement of high quality fish meal with the same product cooked for 24 h at 80 °C (ZMD-CF). Several trials were performed to design a reliable method to test digestibility using FluoSpheres^® as a marker. The developed in vivo technique was tested on 35 days posthatch (dph) larval Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) and two tropical fish species in the early juvenile stage. The method took into account loss of total protein to the faecal pellet and water column. Apparent digestibility of protein in larval cod fed ZMD was significantly higher than that of larvae fed ZMD-CF ( P  < 0.05). A growth study to validate differences between the two diets showed significant differences in growth and survival of larvae fed ZMD versus ZMD-CF ( P  < 0.05). Further validation of our results was indicated through the use of a pH-stat method using enzymes extracted from 35 dph larval cod guts. This novel technique will be advantageous for researchers to evaluate feed ingredients for larval marine fish and is adaptable to many different areas of larval fish nutrition.     

Changes in selected stress and immune‐related genes in Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua,following overcrowding

Using Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, as a model for the stress response in gadoid fish, the changes in the expression of some stress and immune genes as well as the profiles of plasma cortisol were examined. Adult fish were kept at a density of ca. 100 kg m^?3 by lowering the water level in the rearing tank for 1 h and this short‐term crowding stress was repeated thrice over a 12‐h interval period. Blood samples were collected before exposure and at 2, 24 and 72 h post crowding. Plasma cortisol level significantly increased at 2 h post crowding but returned to pre‐crowding levels 24 h after exposure. The relative expression of the stress response genes, glucose transporter‐3 and a putative heat shock protein 70 significantly increased at 2 and 24 h post crowding respectively. Significant up‐regulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐8, as well as anti‐bacterial genes, g‐type lysozyme and bactericidal permeability‐increasing protein/lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (BPI/LBP) was also observed at 2 h and the levels were maintained until 72 h post exposure, except for BPI/LBP which had maximum up‐regulation at 24 h. The present observations have implications with respect to fish welfare and assessment of the health status of the farmed fish.     

真鲷与黑鲷杂交繁育技术研究

通过对真鲷黑鲷杂交繁育,培育出一种能结合父母本性状,具有生长速度快、抗逆性强的杂交子一代。2006年3月从海区选购真鲷（Pagrosomusmajor）、黑鲷（Spraus macrocephalus）亲鱼,通过强化培育,性腺促熟,于4月进行干法人工授精。通过对真鲷♀&#215;黑鲷8及黑鲷♀&#215;真鲷♂获得杂交受精卵,结果真鲷♀&#215;黑鲷♂受精率为87．4％,孵化率为85％,出苗率14．28％;黑鲷♀&#215;真鲷♂受精率为92．1％,孵化率为90％,出苗率7．2％,该批次共获得正交反交杂交鱼苗32000尾。从杂交实际结果看,不管正交还是反交都比自交的结果差,说明它们之间存在生殖隔离,杂交繁育难度相当大,要达到规模生产。需要继续研究、试验。     

Effect of dietary supplemental l‐carnitine on growth performance,body composition and antioxidant status in juvenile black sea bream,Sparus macrocephalus

Effects of dietary l ‐carnitine were studied in juvenile black sea bream (Sparus macrocephalus). The semipurified basal diet [crude protein 450 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM); crude lipid 126 g kg^?1 DM] was formulated to choose white fishmeal as the protein source and fish oil plus corn oil (1 : 1) as the lipid source. Six diets (control + diets 1–5) containing 0.1, 0.12, 0.16, 0.24, 0.39 and 1.1 g of l ‐carnitine kg^?1 diet were fed to triplicate groups of black sea bream (initial weight 13.10 ± 0.05 g) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and antioxidant status were determined. The results showed that relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly improved by the elevation of dietary l ‐carnitine level from 0.1 to 0.24 g kg^?1, but decreased with further increment (P < 0.05). Lipid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the dorsal muscle whereas increased (P < 0.05) in the liver with the addition of dietary l ‐carnitine. Dietary l ‐carnitine supplements elevated enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione‐S‐transferase, GST) activities (P < 0.05) yet decreased the content of non‐enzymatic factor, total sulphydryl groups (TSH) (P < 0.05). In summary, the optimum dietary l ‐carnitine level was 0.284 g kg^?1 diet by second‐polynomial regression analysis based on RGR (y = ?647.4x² +367.97x + 234.55; R² = 0.977, x = dietary l ‐carnitine levels, y = RGR), and dietary l ‐carnitine addition within the levels adopted in our study could depress lipid peroxidation in tissues of juvenile black sea bream.