Main Achievements of Cotton Large-scale Transformation System

Cotton large-scale transformation methods system was established based on innovation of cotton transformation methods.It obtains 8000 transgenic cotton plants per year by combining Agrobacteriurn turnefaciens-mediated,pollen-tube pathway and biolistic methods together efficiently.More than 1000 transgenie lines are selected from the transgenic plants with molecular assistant breeding and conventional breeding methods.     

农产品未准入转基因成分“低水平混杂”的概念、成因及对策

简述了农产品未准入转基因成分"低水平混杂(low level presence,LLP)"的定义、内涵、类型及其产生的背景与原因,分析了美国积极推动LLP安全性的原因及其目标,针对我国粮食、种子和农产品贸易与研发,提出了LLP的贸易政策与相关技术建议。为农产品贸易、农产品质量安全、种业发展、转基因生物安全检测或监测等相关工作提供参考。     

Regulatory issues for genetically modified animals

Precision genetics and breeding have the potential to meet the agricultural needs and goals of the world in the 21st century. These needs include increasing the efficiency of production of animals and improving their products with minimal impact on the environment. The USA is the major innovator in genomic science and the acknowledged leader in formulating policies to regulate genetic applications in medicine and agriculture. However, governments worldwide have been exceedingly reluctant to support the introduction of genetically modified (GM) animals into agriculture. Regulatory policies have stagnated due to legal guidelines that could not anticipate the needs and solutions that are evident today. This must change if we are to maintain planetary integrity. I propose a new, market-based regulatory model for GM livestock that has both a strong scientific foundation and has worked for 10000 years. The model is similar to that for information technology in which specific algorithms drive computer and cell phone applications. Genome engineers write genetic algorithms that drive the traits in biological organisms. Accordingly, GM products should be viewed in terms of their use and public benefit rather than by limitations to the genetic programing coming from a few highly vocal groups. Genetic algorithms (Genapps) of the 21st century will include not only introduction of synthetic genes, but also complete natural and synthetic biochemical pathways to produce agricultural products that are maximally efficient, healthy to humans and animals, and sustainable in an era of changing climates while avoiding environmental degradation.     

进口饲料中牛源性与转基因成分的检测

本文介绍了进口饲料中牛源性与转基因成分的PCR检测方法。该方法用异硫氰酸胍提取进口饲料样品DNA,以牛特异性引物扩增模板DNA,扩增产物为271bp,PCR产物经限制性酶切片段分析,与预期设想一致;方法灵敏度实验结果显示,饲料样品中含有0.1%的牛源性成分时仍能检出。同时,根据转基因农作物最常使用的外源基因设计引物,在进口饲料中检测出35S启动子和NOS中止子等转基因成分,具有快速、简便、准确等特点。     

抗虫转基因作物研究进展

简要介绍了转基因作物 (GMO)的发展概况 ,对近年来国内外抗虫 GMO在转 B.t.毒素蛋白GMO;转蛋白酶抑制剂 GMO;转植物凝集素 GMO;其他类型抗虫 GMO;抗虫的基因沉默与失活现象等 5个方面的研究进展进行了论述。最后 ,对抗虫 GMO的发展前景进行了展望。     

转基因食品标识的问题与困惑

随着转基因技术的发展与推广,转基因作物及其制成品渐渐进入人们的生活,转基因食品安全的监管显得日益重要。2001年我国出台的《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》中要求对所有的转基因食品(Genetically modified organism food,GMO food)进行标识,但没有明确需要标识的阈值。本研究介绍转基因食品标识制度,并对不同国家制度进行比较分析;从阈值计算方法和转基因成分检测技术两方面介绍阈值设计的技术基础;对阈值管理进行成本效益分析的结果表明,阈值管理会提升运行和管理成本,但不会提高消费者的支付意愿,原因主要在于消费者对转基因食品本身安全性的担忧。建议我国应加强转基因技术的研究,设置合理标识阈值,加强我国转基因食品安全管理。     

Soil microbial biomass, functional diversity and enzyme activity in glyphosate-resistant wheat-canola rotations under low-disturbance direct seeding and conventional tillage

As glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are becoming common in agro-ecosystems, their effects on non-target soil organisms need to be monitored. We evaluated soil microbial biomass C (MBC), bacterial functional diversity and community structure, and dehydrogenase enzyme activity in a field experiment conducted at six sites on the Canadian prairies. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of three GR wheat and GR canola crop frequencies and two tillage systems. GR crop frequencies were arranged in 4-yr wheat-canola-wheat-pea rotations, with GR wheat and GR canola in zero of four, two of four, or three of four possible GR crop frequencies. The two tillage systems were either low soil-disturbance direct-seeding (LDS) or conventional tillage (CT). MBC increased with increasing frequency of GR crops in two of 20 site-years in the rhizosphere, and had no effects in bulk soil. Depending on tillage, GR crop frequency also affected the functional diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria in only two of 20 site-years, and had no effects in bulk soil. Shifts in the structures of bacterial communities related to GR crop frequency were detected, but they were few and inconsistent. In three of 22 cases (10 in rhizosphere+12 in bulk soil), the activity of dehydrogenase enzyme decreased with increasing frequency GR crops in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil. In five of 20 site-years, soil MBC in the rhizosphere was greater under CT than under LDS, regardless of GR crop frequency. In bulk soil, tillage affected soil MBC in five site-years, three of which had greater MBC under CT than LDS, and vice versa in the other two. Tillage affected the functional diversity of soil bacteria in the rhizosphere in three site-years, but the effects were not consistent. Similar inconsistent tillage-related patterns were observed in the community structures of bacteria. There were no tillage effects on bacterial diversity in bulk soil. Dehydrogenase enzyme activity was greater under LDS than under CT in three of four cases in which tillage had significant effects. Overall, GR crop frequency effects on soil microorganisms were minor and inconsistent over a wide range of growing conditions and crop management.     

世界种子产业的垄断格局和趋势

本文利用ETCGroup等国际组织近10年来对种子产业的统计数据。对世界种业目前的垄断格局作了简要的分析得出：通过公司间兼并重组，世界种子产业正在快速走向集中垄断．目前十大种业巨头已占据世界种业市场的“半壁江山”；在三大“基因巨人”的高度垄断中。转基因种子市场迅猛成长，已占全球种子市场总额的1／5：为降低研发风险，提高市场竞争力，充分获取基因、育种资源（Germplasm）等的商业利益，种业巨头间的合作联盟（Non-MergerMergers）的深度和广度都在迅速增加。     

Environmental risks of genetic engineering

Summary Before release into commerce, genetically engineered organisms are first assessed for possible risks, including risks to the environment. The present paper first identifies the environmental risks recognized by regulators, and reviews the parameters considered predictive of risk. Recent field-scale studies suggest opportunities for improvement of the environmental risk assessment process. Risks unique to genetically engineered crops – if any – could pertain to the specific traits chosen for commercialization and to unintended trait expression caused by the process of transgene insertion itself. Both the standard against which to compare genetically engineered traits and the scale of exposure need to be considered when assessing environmental impact. Evidence of environmental risk in the recognized areas of weediness on agricultural land, invasiveness of unmanaged systems, and non-target impacts from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize is presented. Targeted, statistically sound, rigorously conducted, multi-trophic studies analogous to the Field Scale Evaluation trials recently completed in the UK are needed to clarify the many questions which remain unanswered.     

应用MLPA技术进行转基因多重检测研究

多重连接探针扩增技术已广泛应用于医学基因点突变、基因缺失和基因甲基化等基因检测,具有高通量、特异性高和经济的特点。本文首次将这一技术应用于转基因检测,实现了高通量转基因检测的目的,提高了检测效率。