Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus spp. isolated from tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) cultured in river-based cage and earthen ponds in Northern Thailand

Streptococcus spp. are major pathogenic bacteria associated with massive mortality in tilapia. This study investigated the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) isolated from tilapia in river-based floating cage and earthen pond farms in northern Thailand. Isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular analyses. Capsular typing, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction and multilocus sequence typing were performed to investigate the genetic relatedness. Six and one isolates were confirmed as GBS and S. iniae, respectively. All Streptococcus spp. isolates were obtained from 4 river-based cage farms (4/33), while samples collected from earthen pond farms (N = 28) were negative for streptococcosis. All GBS with serotype Ⅲ and sequence type (ST) 283 was observed. The β-haemolytic GBS isolates were resistant to five antimicrobials, while the S. iniae was susceptible to all antimicrobials. This study indicates both GBS and S. iniae are the major bacterial pathogens responsible for streptococcosis infection in farmed tilapia of northern Thailand with GBS as dominant species. This survey highlights that the river-based cage farms seriously impact on the healthy development of the tilapia industry.     

Modeling and implementing the use of aeration to increase water temperature and dissolved oxygen in greenhouse aquaculture cages

In this study, an unique bamboo floating cage was built in order to heat the water used for rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus) and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) in Northern Thailand during the colder rainy and winter seasons. This special greenhouse fish cage (SGFC) was covered with polyethylene to heat the surface air with solar energy, and insulated to prevent heat loss. The water temperature at depths of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.8 m was modeled and measured. In various trials, the cages were aerated with and without heated air from the surface. It was found that the thermal efficiency of the SGFC integrated with hot air aeration at a water depth of 0.80 m was 32.65 %. Throughout the day, the average water temperature was 31.82 ± 0.68 °C, which was 0.76 °C higher than the water temperature outside the experiment, and the amount of oxygen in the water of 11.35 ± 0.13 mg/l. The SGFC can produce one extra fish harvest per year when compared with regular fish cages. Development equations to describe the thermal model were used for predicting the water temperature in the SGFC and thus validating the model. Moreover, the economic analysis of the SGFC found that the payback period was one year, seven months and fourteen days.     

吉富罗非鱼对饲料精氨酸的需要量

以饲料精氨酸水平分别为0.67%、0.94%、1.24%、1.58%、1.86%和2.11%的6种等氮等能的半纯化饲料(粗蛋白质含量30.21%,总能17.77 MJ/kg),投喂初始体重为(81.52±2.00)g的吉富罗非鱼60 d,考察饲料精氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用、体成分、血清生化指标和非特异性免疫指标的影响,以期获得吉富罗非鱼对饲料精氨酸的最佳需要量。每种饲料投喂3个网箱,每个网箱放养15尾鱼。结果表明:随着饲料精氨酸水平的升高,吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率以及蛋白质沉积率均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并均在1.58%组达到最高值,与其他组差异显著(P0.05);饲料系数、肝体比、脏体比则呈现先下降后上升的趋势,饲料系数在1.58%组达到最低值,与其他组差异显著(P0.05);全鱼粗脂肪和肌肉粗灰分含量的变化趋势与饲料系数相似,肌肉粗脂肪呈现与增重率和特定生长率相似的变化趋势,而全鱼粗灰分和肌肉粗蛋白质含量则呈先上升后稳定的趋势。饲料精氨酸水平对吉富罗非鱼的肥满度,全鱼水分、粗蛋白质及肌肉水分含量无显著影响(P0.05)。肌肉中各氨基酸(除酪氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸外)、必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均随饲料精氨酸水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势。饲料精氨酸水平显著影响血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及总胆固醇、甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和葡萄糖含量(P0.05),也显著影响肝脏和血清中总超氧化物歧化酶、总一氧化氮合酶和溶菌酶的活性(P0.05)。以增重率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率为主要评价指标,通过二次回归分析可知,吉富罗非鱼对饲料中精氨酸需要量为1.51%~1.58%,占饲料蛋白质的4.99%~5.25%。     

双酶法水解罗非鱼下脚料制备降血糖肽的工艺研究

以水解度和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为评价指标,确定双酶复合水解罗非鱼下脚料的方案,并通过单因素试验和正交试验进行优化,最后得到最适酶解工艺参数为先在碱性蛋白酶在温度50℃,加酶量10000 U/g,pH值9.5,底物质量分数6%条件下水解;再在胰蛋白酶在温度37℃,加酶量10000 U/g,pH值8条件下水解100 min。此工艺条件下罗非鱼下脚料水解度、水解产物的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率分别为48.26%和41.46%。     

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia

Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g^–1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.     

盐度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响

在水温２８℃的条件下,不限量投喂颗粒饵料,测定了台湾红罗非鱼在淡水和盐度为７,１４,２、,２８和３５％的能量收支。结果表明;盐度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,盐度为１４‰时,特定生长率和转化效率均达到最高水平,分别为１．４３％和５１．８８％,此时,摄食率也达了大,每天为体重的２．７５％,盐度对吸收效率无显著影响,对物质,蛋白质和能量的吸收效率的平均值分别为６２．９８     

温度和盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼受精率和孵化率的联合影响

采用中心复合设计和响应曲面方法研究了温度(T,℃)和盐度(S)对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼人工受精率(FR,％)和孵化率(HR,％)的综合影响.设定的温度范围为20～34,盐度范围为0～18.建立了温度、盐度与受精和孵化之间关系的定量模型,并通过分析明确了温度与盐度的最优组合.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼在温度与盐度较高或较低范围内受精率与孵化率都处于较低水平.温度和盐度的一次与二次效应对受精与孵化均有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).温度与盐度二者间协同效应不显著(P＞0.05).建立了吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的多项式方程,复相关系数分别达到了0.957 8和0.960 1 (P＜0.01),可以用于预测吉富罗非鱼的受精率和孵化率.利用统计优化技术明确,在温度27.14℃,盐度8.95时,罗非鱼最佳的受精率为80.8％,孵化率为77.63％.本研究旨在考察温度与盐度同时变化对吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的影响,探讨最佳温度－盐度组合以增加吉富罗非鱼苗种产量.     

不同盐度下“吉丽”罗非鱼(尼罗罗非鱼♀×萨罗罗非鱼♂)NKCC1a mRNA的组织特异性表达

应用实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR),以"吉丽"罗非鱼[尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron,♂)]为材料,研究NKCCla基因表达的盐度-组织特异性.研究结果表明:(1)NKCCla基因mRNA表达量存在显著的组织特异性,在低于25盐度环境中,NKCCla mRNA在鳃、肝、肾及肠中均有表达;当盐度从0提高到48时,表达量在鳃中与盐度变化呈高度正相关(R＞0.9,P＜0.01),在肠和肾中与盐度变化呈负相关(P≈-0.7,P＜0.05),但在肝中则不受盐度变化的影响.(2)当盐度提高到64,NKCCla基因mRNA表达最在鳃和肠3 h后达最高值,5 h后下降,前后变化差异显著(P＜0.05);表达量在肝中则是在5 h后达最高值,变化差异也显著(P＜0.05);表达量在肾中持续下降,但差异不显著.以上结果揭示,在盐度高于25的环境中,"吉丽"罗非鱼主要由鳃组织的NKCCla排出多余的离子以维持鱼体的水盐平衡,由此认为鳃组织在"吉丽"罗非鱼高渗透压调节中起最主要作用.     

Effect of supplemental dietary zinc sources on the growth and carbohydrate utilization of tilapia Smith 1840, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental dietary zinc sources on the growth performance and carbohydrate utilization of juvenile tilapia Smith 1840, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. The goal was to compare the bioavailability of two zinc sources, zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) or zinc methionine (ZnMet), by using two practical basal diets with 350 g kg^?1 (C350) or 400 g kg^?1 (C400) carbohydrates based on wheat as the carbohydrate source. The results showed that fish fed with a diet supplemented with 60 mg kg^?1 Zn from either ZnSO₄ or ZnMet had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio than those fed with the diets of ≤30 mg kg^?1 Zn. The composition of tilapia carcass was also found to be influenced by various levels of dietary zinc from the two zinc sources. The G6P‐DH in fish fed with the 20 mg kg^?1 ZnMet diet and the PK levels in fish fed with 20 mg kg^?1 ZnSO₄ and 30 mg kg^?1 ZnMet diet were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in fish fed with the C400 diet. The data suggest that supplemental dietary zinc from either ZnMet or ZnSO₄ significantly affects the growth performance and carbohydrate utilization of tilapia.     

投喂频率对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼胃排空、生长性能和体组成的影响

通过胃排空试验与养殖试验研究了不同投喂频率对尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的胃排空、生长性能以及体组成的影响.在试验开始时,观测尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的胃内饲料排空情况,胃排空试验结果表明,胃排空率的最佳描述为平方根函数,胃内饲料在饱食投喂后15 h左右完全排空,达到投喂前水平,80％胃排空为9h,也就是投喂后大约9h恢复食欲.360尾试验鱼(初始体质量3.72 g)以不同的投喂频率(1d4次、1d3次、1d2次、2d4次、2d3次、2d2次)分组,每组设立3个平行组,随机养殖于18个网箱中,每箱养殖20尾鱼,按饱食量投饲膨化饲料.养殖期为6周.尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼在投喂频率为1d4次、1d3次和1d2次时特定生长率和饲料效率显著高于投喂频率为2d4次、2d3次和2d2次时(P＜0.05);投喂频率为1d2次、2d4次、2d3次和2d2次时其摄食量显著低于1d4次和1d3次时(P＜0.05).随着投喂频率降低,鱼体水分含量逐步上升,脂肪和蛋白质含量逐步下降,其中1d4次、1d3次组鱼与2d2次组鱼有显著性差异(P＜0.05).各投喂频率组间的肝体指数无显著性差异(P＞0.05).3.7～48.0 g尼罗系吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的适宜投喂频率为1d2次,较2d2次、2d3次和2d4次时明显提高了生长速度和饲料效率,较1d3次、1d4次摄食量显著降低.2种试验结果较为一致.