Clostridium butyricum as probiotic for promoting growth performance,feed utilization,gut health and microbiota community of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus)

The feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potentials of Clostridium butyricum in the diet of tilapia. Fish (~14 g) were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.5 (C‐1), 1 (C‐2), 2 (C‐3), 4 (C‐4) and 8 (C‐5) g/kg commercial probiotic‐containing C. butyricum (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/g) for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain significantly increased, and feed conversion ratio decreased in the C‐2, C‐3 and C‐4 groups (p < .05). The protein retention (except C‐1 group), lipid retention and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter in probiotic supplementation groups were significantly enhanced, and ADC of protein in the C‐4 group was also improved (p < .05). The supplementation of probiotic significantly increased villus height in anterior intestines and reduced the numbers of intestinal Escherichia coli (p < .05). High‐throughput sequencing showed that top three phyla namely Planctomycetes in all probiotic‐containing groups, Proteobacteria in the C‐1 and C‐2 groups and Chloroflexi in the C‐3 group had higher level than the NC group. The cumulative mortality was reduced by dietary probiotic after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila (p < .05). In conclusion, C. butyricum can be supplemented at 1–2 g/kg feed for promoting the growth, feed utilization, gut health and microbiota of tilapia.     

奥尼罗非鱼淀粉酶、脂肪酶的分布与特性

以奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus×O.aureus)为实验材料,研究其淀粉酶、脂肪酶分布与特性。结果表明,Ⅰ(体重55.14g)、Ⅱ(体重122.82g)、Ⅲ(体重225.68g)组实验鱼肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性均表现出相似规律:活性从大到小依次为前肠、中肠、后肠。实验鱼体重从55g增至122g,肠道淀粉酶活性急剧上升,实验鱼体重从122g增至225g,酶活性增幅减缓。3组实验鱼肠道各肠段淀粉酶活性相对比值(前肠、中肠、后肠)分别为1:0.95:0.52、1:0.44:0.21和1:0.50:0.24;脂肪酶活性相对比值(前肠、中肠、后肠)分别为1:0.17:0.12、1:0.34:0.14和1:0.98:0.64。3组实验鱼淀粉酶活性相对比值(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)在全肠、肝胰脏中分别为1:8.25:18.94和1:3.43:9.31;3组实验鱼脂肪酶活性相对比值(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)在全肠中为1:3.82:13.09。奥尼罗非鱼肠道、肝胰脏淀粉酶最适pH值分别为6.5～7 0和7.5;最适反应温度均为30℃;最适反应底物浓度均为0.8%。肠道脂肪酶最适pH值为7.0～7.5,最适反应温度为35℃。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对吉富罗非鱼抗氧化和抗亚硝基氮应激能力的影响

选择初始体重(3.27±0.04)g的吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus),分别投喂基础饲料和添加80、160、240、320和400 mg/kg谷胱甘肽(GSH)的试验饲料,记作G0、G80、G160、G240、G320和G400。49 d后,G320血清和G160、G240肝脏谷胱甘肽S-转移酶,G160、G240血清和G320肝脏谷胱甘肽还原酶,G240肝脏超氧化物歧化酶,G320血清和G240肝脏过氧化氢酶活性,G240～G400血清和G240肝脏总抗氧化能力,G320血清抗超氧阴离子活性,与对照组相比分别显著升高。G80～G320肝脏丙二醛含量显著低于对照组。在亚硝基氮应激96 h内,G320累积死亡率显著降低。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的GSH能显著提高罗非鱼的抗氧化性能和抗亚硝基氮应激能力。     

不同种类碳水化合物对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响

为了解罗非鱼对不同种类碳水化合物(CBH)的利用效果,研究了6种碳水化合物对罗非鱼生长性能、体组成和血清生化指标的影响。实验选用720尾初重为(3.0±0.3)g的健康吉富罗非鱼,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾,分别投喂设计含30%南方糙米、次粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉的6种不同CBH的等氮、等能饲料,实验周期为8周。结果显示,南方糙米、玉米淀粉组的终末均重、增重率、特定生长率和蛋白效率显著高于其他组,而饲料系数明显最低(P0.05)。CBH种类明显影响全鱼、肌肉的组成(P0.05)。玉米淀粉组肝糖原含量明显高于马铃薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和木薯淀粉组(P0.05),而马铃薯淀粉和甘薯淀粉组的血糖明显低于木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和次粉组(P0.05)。CBH种类对血清CHO、TG影响明显(P0.05),但对TP、SOD、T-AOC和MDA的影响不明显(P0.05)。研究表明,不同种类CBH对罗非鱼生长性能的影响明显(P0.05),以特定生长率为指标,罗非鱼对南方糙米和玉米淀粉的利用效果较好。     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.     

猪油对罗非鱼生长及餐后脂质代谢的影响

在实用饲料配方的基础上分别添加0%、5%、10%猪油组成试验饲料饲喂罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(初重43 g)8周,比较研究猪油不同添加水平对罗非鱼生长及餐后脂质代谢的影响。结果表明,罗非鱼的末重(FBW)、特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中猪油水平的增加而显著升高。而摄食量(FI)表现出相反的变化趋势,即高水平猪油组显著低于对照组。随猪油添加水平增加,罗非鱼肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活力显著降低,而肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加。血清中甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)含量均随饲料中猪油水平增加而显著升高。各试验组罗非鱼血清中CHO、TG、LDL-C和VLDL-C含量随时间推移均表现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,TG和VLDL-C的峰值出现在餐后6h,而CHO和LDL-C峰值在餐后9 h。但HDL-C表现出相反的变化趋势,即先降低后升高,在餐后6 h达到最低值。总之,饲料中添加不同水平猪油会促进罗非鱼生长,但会影响罗非鱼的肝功能以及餐后脂质代谢,罗非鱼抗氧化能力也相应受到影响。     

Effects of Cu2+-exchanged montmorillonite on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities of Nile tilapia

A total of 360 Nile tilapia at an average initial body weight of 3.9 g were randomly allocated to four treatments, each of which had three replicates of 30 fish per tank and used to investigate the effects of Cu²⁺‐exchanged montmorillonite (Cu‐MMT) on intestinal microflora, digestibility and digestive enzyme activities. The dietary treatments were: (i) basal diet, (ii) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 MMT; (iii) basal diet + 30 mg kg^?1 copper as CuSO₄ (equivalent to the copper in the Cu‐MMT treatment group), or (iv) basal diet + 1.5 g kg^?1 Cu‐MMT. The results showed that supplementation with Cu‐MMT significantly improved growth performance as compared with the control and fish fed with Cu‐MMT had higher growth performance than those fed with MMT or CuSO₄. Supplementation with Cu‐MMT reduced (P < 0.05) the total intestinal aerobic bacterial counts and affected the composition of intestinal microflora with Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligence, Enterobacteriaceae decreasing as compared with the control. Addition of MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, and the activities of intestinal amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. Addition of Cu‐MMT improved (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and crude ash, and the activities of total protease, amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase as compared with the control. While supplementation with CuSO₄ had no (P > 0.05) effect on intestinal microflora, digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities the results showed that Cu‐MMT exhibited antibacterial activity in vivo resulting in a positive effect on digestive enzyme activities, and then promoted the digestion and absorption of dietary nutrition.     

二氧化碳麻醉技术在罗非鱼无水保活运输中的应用研究

采用二氧化碳(CO2)对罗非鱼进行麻醉,以麻醉时间、复苏时间为指标,探讨CO2浓度、水温、浸浴时间对罗非鱼麻醉效果的影响.结果显示,水温25℃、浓度0.41～ 1.13 mg/L时,随着浓度的增加,麻醉时间缩短,复苏时间延长;浓度0.58 mg/L时,水温由10℃升高到30℃时,麻醉时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,复苏时间呈下降趋势.罗非鱼血浆生化指标分析表明,麻醉中罗非鱼的乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性分别与麻醉前、麻醉后差异显著(P＜0.05);麻醉中罗非鱼的肌酐、尿素氮、乳酸含量显著高于麻醉前和复苏后;与麻醉中罗非鱼的血浆生化指标相比,复苏后的罗非鱼血浆生化指标均下降.研究表明,CO2对罗非鱼有麻醉作用,CO2麻醉可辅助罗非鱼无水保活运输.     

循环水养殖罗非鱼氮收支及对水质影响的初步研究

为提供实际生产理论依据,改良系统水处理工艺,开展循环水养殖系统中吉富罗非鱼氮收支和对水质情况的初步研究。起始养殖密度8 kg/m3,投饲率2%,系统循环量1 m3/h,总水量0.8 m3。试验期间溶解氧大于6 mg/L,pH 7.0～7.2,水温23～25℃。每周监测水质2～3次,监测指标包括氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮,每2周检测1次水中总氮。用凯氏定氮法测定实验前后饲料、试验鱼体、粪便、悬浮颗粒的氮含量。结果显示,摄食氮有50.00±1.50%转化为生长氮,32.61±1.38%转化为排泄氮,17.39±4.0%转化为粪氮;58%的粪氮为悬浮颗粒物,42%为可沉淀颗粒物。     

Heritability estimates and response to selection for growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in low-input earthen ponds

This study presents results of two generations of selection (G₁ and G₂) for growth of Nile tilapia. The selection environment consisted of earthen ponds which were fertilized daily with 50 kg dry matter (dm)/ha chicken manure. No supplementary feeds were provided. In total, 6429 fully pedigreed experimental fish were included in the analysis. Survival till harvest was highly variable ranging from 35% to 77% and was affected by initial weight, pond, and age effects. Body weight at harvest (BW) increased from a mean of 67.4 g in the grandparental (unselected) population (G₀) to 129.5 g in G₂ was affected by initial weight, pond, sex and age effects. Generations were discrete and therefore genetic parameters were estimated separately for each year. Heritability estimates for BW ranged from 0.38 to 0.60, and the heritability for survival ranged from 0.03 to 0.14. The estimated selection response was 23.4 g (34.7%) between G₀ and G₁ and 13.0 g (14.9%) between G₁ and G₂. These results demonstrate the feasibility of selection for growth of Nile tilapia in low-input environments.