有机肥料适宜种子生长的配比和敏感点的研究——以免水资源综合利用型生态厕所最终产物为例

[目的]根据种子发芽指数随肥料稀释比和培养时间变化规律,研究有机肥料适宜种子生长的配比范围和敏感点。[方法]利用豆秸秆和木屑形成体积比1∶1作为生态厕所反应基质处理人粪便,对得到的有机肥料添加不同量的蒸馏水制成不同配比的肥料浸提液。将黄瓜、白菜、油菜种子放入含有不同肥料浸提液配比的培养皿,然后置于培养箱中培养244、86、0 h,进行种子发芽试验。[结果]结果表明:在培养48 h内,黄瓜、油麦菜种子生长表现出不同的肥料浸提液配比范围,其配比范围分别为1∶(14.17~34.37)和1∶(24.34~41.26)。由于肥料对白菜种子的毒性较大,没有表现出适宜生长范围。黄瓜、白菜、油麦菜3种种子生长对肥料浸提液的敏感点分别为1∶22.301、∶20.90和1∶33.80。[结论]该研究为进一步应用免水资源综合利用型生态厕所最终产物提供了依据。     

Mucin biosynthesis in the bovine goblet cell induced by Cooperia oncophora infection

Mucin hypersecretion is considered to be one of the most common components of the immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection. However, investigations have not been conducted in the Cattle–Cooperia oncophora system to verify the findings largely derived from murine models. In this study, we examined the expression of seven mucins and seven enzymes in the mucin biosynthesis pathway involved in O-linked glycosylation in the bovine small intestine including goblet cells enriched using laser capture microdissection during a primary C. oncophora infection. At the mRNA level, MUC2 expression was significantly higher in both lamina propria and goblet cells at 28 days post-infection compared to the naïve control. MUC5B expression at the mRNA level was also higher in lamina propria at 28 dpi. Expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 was extremely low or not detectable in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, and lamina propria from both naïve control and infected animals. Among the seven enzymes involved in post-translational O-linked glycosylation of mucins, GCNT3, which may represent one of the key rate-limiting steps in mucin biosynthesis, was up-regulated in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, lamina propria, and gross small intestine tissue during the course of infection. Western blot analysis revealed that MUC2 glycoprotein was strongly induced by infection in both gross small intestine tissue and its mucosal layer. In contrast, the higher MUC5B protein expression was observed only in the mucosal layer. Immunohistochemistry provided further evidence of the mucin glycoprotein production and localization. Our results provided insight into regulation of mucin biosynthesis in various cell types in the bovine small intestine during gastrointestinal nematode infection and will facilitate our understanding of mucins and their role in immune response against parasitic nematodes.     

西瓜皮废弃物堆肥特性及腐熟度评价

以西瓜皮为原料,采用自然堆肥和人工堆肥,全面考察堆肥过程中与腐熟度有关的理化指标和生物学指标的变化,同时采用白菜种子发芽指数(GI)评价堆肥的腐熟度。结果表明:在堆肥熟化期内,堆肥堆体先升温后下降,55℃以上高温持续时间达5 d;pH值先减小后增大;含水率和C/N持续下降,C/N在30 d时达到16左右;总氮和总磷含量大体呈上升趋势;种子发芽指数指标先下降后不断升高。在自然堆肥过程中,GI与C/N呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.977;在人工堆肥过程中,GI与含水率和C/N呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.967和-0.933,而与总磷和总氮呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.888和0.876。     

适宜内蒙古典型河套灌区种植的玉米青贮品种筛选试验研究

为了加快饲料生产技术推广和提高食草家畜的营养水平,内蒙古杭锦后旗草原站于2009年引进7个品种的玉米进行品种对比试验,分别为青贮67、金刚50、青贮2号、兴贮1号、金岭7号、金岭10号、金岭14号。结果表明,兴贮1号每667m2鲜草产量最高,但GI值较低。金岭系列产量和GI值都表现较好,适合在典型河套灌区推广种植。     

粪污腐熟剂与不同辅料对鸡粪腐熟效果的研究

本研究使用粪污腐熟剂,以鸡粪为原料,玉米秸秆或稻壳为辅料,进行鸡粪腐熟效果的研究,设置试验Ⅰ组（鸡粪+玉米秸秆+粪污腐熟剂）、试验Ⅱ组（鸡粪+稻壳+粪污腐熟剂）和对照组,试验结果显示,试验Ⅰ组堆肥物料升温快速,第3天进入高温期,在第18天时腐熟完全,试验Ⅱ组在第5天进入高温期,第21天时腐熟完全;而对照组在第30天才达到腐熟状态。堆肥腐熟结束后,三组酸碱度分别为7.63、7.54、7.37;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组C/N分别降低到14.63和15.50;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组种子发芽指数分别达到95.2%和89.5%,对照组的发芽指数为43.9%;2个试验组的有机质含量、总养分、水分、粪大肠杆菌群数、蛔虫卵死亡率都符合有机肥料标准要求。综合各项指标,粪污腐熟剂可以加速鸡粪腐熟过程,提高堆肥产品的质量,缩短鸡粪发酵腐熟周期。     

Influence of the cultivar,environment and management on the grain yield and bread-making quality in winter wheat

The genotype, environment and their interaction play an important role in the grain yielding and grain quality attributes. The main aim of this study was to determine the contributions of the genotype, environment and their interaction to the variation in bread-making traits. The data that were used for the analyses performed in this study were obtained from 3 locations in Poland from post-registration multi-environment trials with winter wheat in 2009 and 2010. The experimental factors were the cultivar (7 cultivars) and the crop management level (low input and high input). In the multi-environment trials, 17 traits were investigated that characterize grain, flour and dough quality. Most of the traits were affected much more strongly by environmental factors (i.e., year and location) than by genotype. The variance components revealed an especially strong effect of the year on the baking score, loaf volume and water absorption, as well a strong effect of the location on dough development and protein content. The obtained results demonstrate that the grain quality as measured by the parameters based on the protein content and quality may be substantially improved by crop management practices, especially by N fertilization level.     

牛粪稻秸新型静态堆肥中真菌群落组成的动态特征

为克服传统静态堆肥的缺点,本研究设计了一种新型堆肥装置并进行了牛粪和秸秆静态堆肥试验。利用高通量测序技术研究堆肥中真菌群落组成的动态变化,并探讨真菌群落组成与理化指标以及种子发芽指数(GI)之间的相关关系。通过对堆肥过程中温度、p H、碳氮比(C/N)和种子发芽指数等指标进行分析判断,堆肥进行第17 d后达到腐熟。高通量测序结果显示,真菌群落结构在堆肥的不同时期发生了显著变化,堆肥初始期和升温期节担菌属(Wallemia)和毛孢子属(Trichosporon)占优势,高温期时嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)成为优势类群,鬼伞属(Coprinus)和未分类的子囊菌门(Unclassified Ascomycota)在腐熟期时相对丰度较大。Spearman相关性分析表明,节担菌属(Wallemia)、散孢霉属(Scedosporium)和毛孢子属(Trichosporon)与含水率、全碳、碳氮比和铵态氮之间呈显著正相关,与全氮、硝态氮和种子发芽指数呈显著负相关;相反,鬼伞属(Coprinus)和毁丝霉属(Myceliophthora)与全氮、硝态氮和种子发芽指数呈显著正相关,与含水率、全碳、碳氮比和铵态氮呈显著负相关;嗜热链球菌属(Mycothermus)和拟鬼伞属(Coprinopsis)与温度呈极显著正相关。本研究对堆肥微生物群落的深化理解及完善堆肥工艺具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

几种绵羊常用粗饲料GI的测定及其代谢能模型化研究

在测定五类九种粗饲料及三个混合粗饲料的常规成分基础上,实测了它们的粗饲料分级指数(GradingIndex,GI):大青山草地早熟禾3.4758、沙打旺3.3731、苜蓿1.7202、混粗C21.1797、青干草1.1029、混粗C10.7852、羊草0.5684、玉米青贮0.4152、玉米秸秆0.1985、谷草0.1728、混粗D0.0805、苏丹草0.0687,并就GI与饲料相对值(RelativeFeedValue,RFV)对粗饲料品质的分级进行了比较,表明GI要优于RFV,同时证明:GI还可以用于混合粗饲料的优化与牧草刈割期的确定。本研究建立了预测粗饲料ME的模型:ME(MJ/kg)=-11.7492+0.5959IVDMD(%)-0.0044[IVEMD(%)]2。     

非常规粗饲料分级指数和相对价值比较研究

试验旨在应用粗饲料分级指数(GI)和饲料相对价值(RFV)评定8种反刍动物非常规粗饲料(湖北花生藤、山东花生秧、河南花生秧、东陵区玉米叶、甘肃豌豆秧、重庆皇竹草、四川谷草和内蒙麦秸)营养价值,并就非常规粗饲料的GI和RFV进行比较研究。结果表明,(1)分别按粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等含量对非常规粗饲料的品质排序,结果均不一致;(2)按GI_(2001)、GI_(2008)和RFV评价非常规粗饲料品质依次是湖北花生藤山东花生秧河南花生秧东陵区玉米叶甘肃豌豆秧重庆皇竹草四川谷草内蒙麦秸。结果表明,单一指标不能准确评价粗饲料营养品质,GI_(2001)、GI_(2008)和RFV评定粗饲料品质结果一致,8种粗饲料中营养价值最高是湖北花生藤,其次是山东花生秧,内蒙麦秸最低,GI_(2008)可更科学合理评定非常规粗饲料营养价值。