Measuring fish catch and consumption: Practical methods for small‐scale fisheries based on length as an alternative to weight‐based approaches

Small‐scale fisheries are recognised as making important contributions to nutrition and economic development despite a lack of accurate quantitative information on catches and consumption. While direct measurement remains the most appropriate way of collecting such data, it is impractical at large scales. Instead, household surveys based upon informant recall of fish caught and/or consumed are frequently used. However, the accuracy of weight recall by informants (even over short recall periods) has not been established. Using data from household surveys, the accuracy and precision of catch and consumption estimates derived from: (a) asking informants to recall weights of fish caught and (b) asking respondents to recall lengths of fish caught and converting to weight were tested. Length‐based methods, using visual aids to assist recall, were more accurate, precise and correctable. These methods could be useful for catch estimation, especially where fish are processed, sold or consumed shortly after capture.     

基于生活史特征的数据有限条件下渔业资源评估方法比较

渔业资源评估是开展渔业资源管理,维系渔业可持续发展的基础工作。传统的渔业资源评估方法需要统计产量、资源丰度指数甚至年龄结构等大量数据,由于调查经费和数据的缺乏,全球仅1%的鱼种进行过系统性的资源评估。近年来,在数据有限(data-limited)条件下如何开展资源评估已日益成为学术界的关注热点。本文将基于生活史特征的评估方法分为仅需要生活史参数,需要产量数据和生活史参数,需要产量数据、生活史参数及体长或年龄数据等3大类,分别从方法、数据要求、输出结果及局限性进行了系统回顾分析,提供了关于生活史特征参数的常见估算方法,并就其中两种模型对北大西洋大青鲨(Prionace glauca)的可持续渔获量进行了初步评估与比较。最后,对数据缺乏模型的使用及模型在中国近海渔业资源评估中的运用提出了建议。     

多维视角下的水生野生动物保护与利用探析

近期暴发的新冠肺炎使人们谈食色变,针对水生野生动物的保护与利用问题备受社会各界人士的关注。水生野生动物作为一种宝贵的自然资源同时也是生态系统中的重要组成部分,其价值不仅体现在维持生态平衡上,也体现在满足人类养殖开发与利用上。水生野生动物在实现社会经济可持续发展,改善和丰富人民的物质和文化生活中具有不可代替的重要位置。但是,在针对水生野生动物保护与利用之间是存在矛盾的。本文从水生野生动物保护与养殖利用的关系等方面进行阐述,并从水生野生动物野外资源保护和规范水生动物的繁殖与利用等方面进行展望。呼吁社会积极鼓励和宣传水生野生动物合理的驯养繁殖及加工利用事业,引导消费者正确食用安全的驯养产品,进而实现扩大、改善水生野生动物生存空间和环境,实现水生野生动物种群规模不断发展壮大,最终实现水生野生动物资源的可持续性与合理的永续利用。     

锦江河干流黄颡鱼的年龄、生长和资源利用研究

2017年1—12月在沅江水系支流锦江河采集野生黄颡鱼样本408尾,对其生长、年龄和资源利用情况进行研究。其中,年龄结构通过对比脊椎骨、胸鳍棘、鳃盖骨、耳石,选择脊椎骨作为年龄判断材料,得到的样本年龄为1～6龄,2龄为优势年龄组,占样本总量的38.24%。体长与体质量的幂函数关系式为m=0.0001L^2.6121(r^2=0.9491,n=248);采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程拟合体长、体质量与年龄的关系,其关系式分别为L_t=210.8029[1-e^-0.3015(~t^+0.2272)],m_t=117.5434[1-e^-0.3015(~t^+0.2272)]^2.6121。生长拐点年龄为2.96龄,对应的体长130.2 mm,体质量108.2 g。采用Panly公式分析了锦江河黄颡鱼的资源利用情况,其资源开发率为0.1096,总死亡率为0.7838,自然死亡率为1.3958,当起捕体长为121 mm时,相对单位补充渔获量和生物量达到最大,分别为0.004213和0.048993,对应的年龄为2.63龄,体质量为105.2 g。当前锦江河黄颡鱼处于过度开发状态,种群明显趋于低龄化、小型化,为保护锦江河野生黄颡鱼资源,建议最小起捕体长130.2 mm,体质量108.2 g。     

DNA‐analysis to monitor fisheries and aquaculture: Too costly?

Evidence from DNA‐analysis is commonplace in human criminal investigations, and while it is increasingly being used in wildlife crime, to date, its application to control and enforcement activities in fisheries and aquaculture has only been sporadic. Contemporary DNA‐analysis tools are capable of addressing a broad range of compliance issues, species identification, mislabelling of fish products, determining the origin of catches and the farm of origin of aquaculture escapees. Such applications have the potential to ensure traceability along the fish product supply chain and to combat consumer fraud and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing. Nevertheless, DNA‐analysis is not yet used routinely in investigations into compliance with fisheries and aquaculture legislation. One potential reason for this is that DNA‐analysis techniques may have been regarded as too expensive. However, costs have plummeted over the past decade prompting us to objectively assess whether the costs associated with routine use of DNA‐analysis techniques for fisheries and aquaculture control and enforcement activities do constitute an impediment. Based on a number of recent fisheries and aquaculture compliance investigations that incorporated DNA‐analysis, our results indicate that the use of genetic analysis was justified and worthwhile in all cases examined. We therefore conclude that the costs associated with DNA‐analysis do not represent a barrier to the routine adoption of DNA‐analysis techniques in fisheries and aquaculture compliance investigations. Thus, control and enforcement agencies should be encouraged to use such techniques routinely.     

Impact of plant community structure and its diversity on richness and abundance of arthropod aphidophagous natural enemy community

Arthropod natural enemies (ANEs) play an indispensable role in maintaining the balance for plant communities that also significantly affects the ANE diversities not only by supporting herbivorous prey, but also by providing habitats and floral food resources. Studying the diversity of ANEs is thus vital to develop an understanding of sustainable pest control. Relationships of the vegetation diversity (including richness, coverage, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) with associated arthropod aphidophagous natural enemies (AANEs) and their groups under Pinus tabuliformis of different distances were analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (metaMDS). Our results indicated that the vegetation richness affects AANEs at a small scale, while the vegetation structure affects it at a large scale. The richness and abundance of AANEs and the abundance of green lacewings (GLs) and aphid parasitoids (APs) were positively related to neighboring tree richness. But the richness of AANEs and aphidophagous ladybirds (ALs) were negatively associated with nearby tree coverage, as well as AANE richness with close-up shrub coverage, while the abundance of AANEs, ALs, and GLs possessed a negative and hump-shaped relationship with nearby tree coverage, as well as the abundance of AANEs and GLs with close-up shrub coverage. When tree and shrub layers each had approximately half coverage within a vegetation structure, the richness and abundance of AANEs were highest. Similarly, the richness and abundance of AANEs were positively related to neighboring blooming plant richness. However, the richness of AANEs and ALs, and the abundance of AANEs, AL, GL, and APs had a positive association either with the coverage or with the Shannon–Wiener diversity of close-up blooming plants. Half coverage of the tree and shrub layer combined with higher diversities (richness, coverage, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) of blooming plants resulted in low aphid density. The results provide a basis for effectively improving AANE diversity.     

神农架野生兰科植物资源及其保护发展对策研究

本文对神农架野生兰科植物资源状况及保护发展的对策进行了研究。结果表明,在湖北省神农架林区历次植物科学考察和2002年4～6月湖北省林业勘察设计院组织的神农架野生兰科植物资源专业调查中共发现野生兰科植物36属71种,神农架林区是一个野生兰科植物资源极其丰富的基因库,具有极大的科研和保护价值。     

2011—2021年黄河中游城市群高质量发展与水资源保护利用耦合关系

[目的]探讨黄河中游城市群高质量发展与水资源保护利用的时空协调关系,为该区域水资源的可持续利用与水生态有效保护提供决策支持和科学依据。[方法]基于黄河中游19个城市2011—2021年高质量发展与水资源保护利用两系统的面板数据,运用组合赋权、耦合协调度模型、地理探测器模型等方法,分析该区域高质量发展与水资源保护利用的耦合协调度及其时空特征。[结果]黄河中游城市群的高质量发展和水资源保护利用水平不断提高,区域间差距逐渐缩小。两个系统的耦合协调度呈现上升趋势,一些地区已从濒临失调转变为初级协调阶段。此外,区域间的耦合协调度呈现正的空间自相关,由西安和郑州市两个中心城市向外呈放射状递减。对外贸易依存度、第三产业产值所占比例对两系统协调度影响较大,且交互因子之间呈非线性加强或双加强关系。[结论]为提升黄河中游城市群高质量发展与水资源保护利用的空间依赖度,应加强区域间合作,优化水资源利用结构,提高水资源管理能力,增加科技投入,提高区域创新能力,积极推动区域协同发展。     

牛场的粪污无害化处理技术

近几年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,人民的生活水平得到了提高,对畜产品的需求量也逐渐增大,周至县的畜牧业得到了迅速发展。随之引发的畜禽粪污处理问题也日渐突出,做好畜禽粪污资源化利用,对于改善全县农村人居环境、畜牧业稳步发展、落实国家乡村振兴具有重要意义。     

南瓜白粉病病原菌鉴定及抗性品种筛选

摘要：白粉病是南瓜生产上影响果实品质产量的重要病害,为鉴定病原菌和筛选抗性品种,利用形态 学、致病性检测和分子鉴定方法对昆明地区白粉病病原菌类型进行了鉴定,并对150份南瓜品种进行了抗 性鉴定。结果表明：昆明地区白粉菌为单囊壳属白粉菌Podosphaera xanthii,并从供试品种中筛选出11个 高抗病品种,其中2个为云南本土南瓜品种。研究成果对指导昆明地区南瓜生产具有重要意义,并为南瓜 白粉病抗病基因挖掘和抗病品种选育提供了一定的理论依据。