Value-added sampling for fishery independent surveys: Don’t stop after you’re done counting and measuring

Most fishery independent surveys count, weigh, and measure the majority of species caught. Many surveys also collect selected body structures for in-lab age determinations for selected species. We provide examples from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC) bottom trawl survey that detail the development of at-sea sampling to elucidate age, growth, maturity, fecundity, spawning season, stomach contents, diet composition, condition, habitat types and prey preferences, basic oceanography (or limnology), and bioenergetics for a suite of diverse species. We show how the development of new methodologies and technologies has decreased both deck-time and time in the lab for processing many of the samples required to provide information on the topics listed above. As new technologies develop to make our trawl catch processing more efficient, we assert that we can notably increase the amount of information collected from trawl surveys with little additional effort. We show that with marginally additional catch processing time on the deck, at-sea sampling can provide a significant return on the knowledge of aquatic and marine resource species, non-resource species, habitats, food webs, and the ecosystems within which they occur. As observing systems continue to expand their remit to provide ecosystem management advice, the need for increased efficiencies on fisheries surveys will remain.     

Neural networks in fisheries research

Piscimetrics deals with software implementation of experimental design, second-generation artificial intelligence tools, viz. Neural Nets (NNs), genetic algorithms, Fuzzy Logic, Expert Systems, Wavelets and Image analysis in the field of fisheries. A brief sketch of NNs is followed by a review of their applications in forecasting, classification, distribution and fisheries management since 1978. Forecasting in fisheries covers distribution of eggs, recruitment, fish growth/age, biomass and fish catch. Other major areas are identification, abundance and food products, environmental factors and collapse of fishery industry. The data structures are given in tensorial notation. The need for the paradigm shift from classical to multi-level hybrid NNs is emphasized.     

渔业资源评估中声学方法的应用

介绍了渔业资源声学评估的国内外研究现状，基本工作原理，声学仪器，声学评估的主要工作过程，其中重点介绍了声学调查与评估，它包括调查设计，数据采集，目标强度确定、映像分析，数据处理，生物量计算等。最后指出了目前渔业资源声学评估工作中尚待解决的若干问题，例如在各鱼种积分值分配问题上，很大程度取决于生物学取样网次中渔获物的组成比例，以及各个水层中存在不同的非生物或者非调查种类的生物将影响回波信号以及探鱼仪映像的形成，这些都需要渔业工作者在对经研究的基础上予以辨别后，再对数据和映像进行预处理等，并提出了未来发展方向的展望。     

珠江首次禁渔西江段鱼类资源声学跟踪监测分析

2011年珠江开始实行禁渔期制度。该研究采用 Simrad EY60鱼探仪,分别于2010年5月19日和2011年5月22日对珠江西江段进行了走航式探测。结果显示,珠江禁渔期期间西江段鱼类资源密度增加,2010年和2011年鱼类平均密度分别为0.0513尾·m -3和0.1068尾·m -3,根据渔获物调查数据,推算增幅分别为广东鲂（Megalo-brama terminalis）47.85％、赤眼鳟（Squaliobarbus curriculus）18.54％、鲮（Cirrhina moitorella）10.87％和鳊（Parabra-mis pekinensis）6.25％;两年西江段深水区域鱼类密度均较大,尤其是水底结构为凹形区域,鱼类有明显的聚集现象;浅水区域且底部较平整的水域,鱼类分布分散且密度较低;垂直分布方面,鱼类主要分布4--10 m 中下层水层。珠江禁渔期的实施,在一定程度上保护了鱼类的产卵亲体繁殖,对鱼类资源数量的补充起到了增殖作用,同时在很大程度上护养了鱼类的自然生长,起到了资源增重作用。     

A centurial development of the North Sea fish megafauna as reflected by the historical Swedish longlining fisheries

Historically, to compensate for declining catches, fishers have usually shifted from species characterized by high catch rate onto less easily caught species or have moved into new fishing grounds. Such shifts are poorly documented for areas with a long history of exploitation (i.e. North Sea) as they occurred long time before the start of the regular assessments of the marine resources. The Swedish longline fisheries in the Kattegat‐Skagerrak and North Sea have a long history that spans over several centuries. These fisheries have historically targeted large demersal predator fish as ling (Molva molva), cod (Gadus morhua), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and skates (mainly Dipturus spp.). In this study, data from the Swedish longline fisheries from 1859 to 1960 have been collated. The data show that the geographical expansion of the fishery was extensive. At the turn of the 20th century, offshore longlining became concentrated north and west of the Shetlands and Hebrides, and after the WWII, the fishery expanded to Iceland and Rockall. In the offshore fishery, CPUE for the main target species, ling, remained stable, whereas for the other species, with the exception of tusk (Brosme brosme), CPUE showed a dramatic decline over time. In contrast, in the coastal longlining fishery, severe declines were revealed for all major target species except cod. We argue that the constant search for new fishing grounds in the Northeast Atlantic reflects a dwindling resource, where the fishermen kept the catch rates of ling high by travelling to more and more distant fishing grounds.     

南极磷虾生物量估算方法

南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统食物网中的关键种,在南大洋中上层生态系统中起着至关重要的连接作用,其资源的养护和持续利用受到国际社会日益关注。磷虾研究已有90多年的历史,其生物量及其分布一直是研究的重点。生物量评估方法也在不断发展,从早期的浮游动物干重法、生产量与生物量比例系数转换法,到网具采样法以及现在流行的声学法,评估手段也变得更为高效。本文通过系统梳理磷虾生物量的主要评估方法,分析其优缺点,并着重从磷虾目标强度模型(TS)参数的海上实测、声学数据中磷虾信号的提取,磷虾单位平方海里声学反射系数(NASC)的计算,基于渔船声学数据修正磷虾渔业单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE),基于渔船声学数据的磷虾集群、洄游和渔场形成机制研究等5个方面对现行生物量声学评估法提出改进建议,提高资源评估的精度,以期为磷虾生物资源的开发与管理提供科学依据。     

红水河岩滩水库鱼类资源声学评估

为评估梯级开发下渔业资源变化情况,2015年9月采用分裂波束鱼探仪EY60(120 kHz,250 W)对红水河岩滩水库库区及上游江段鱼类资源进行声学调查,并结合渔获物统计和地理统计分析对鱼类时空分布进行分析,评估鱼类资源量。结果显示整个调查区域的鱼类资源密度为(0.53±2.11)尾·m~(-2)(±SD),从水坝上游至库区呈增长趋势,鱼类资源密度水平分布与水深无显著相关关系。垂直分布方面,鱼类主要分布在30 m以内水层;不同大小个体对水深有一定的选择性,小个体鱼类(10 cm)约86.2%分布在30 m水层之内;大个体(30 cm)有44.7%分布在40 m以下水层。基于鱼类分布GIS建模,估算调查区域鱼类资源量为6.57×10~7尾。     

Movement of adult male snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and eastern Nova Scotia, Canada

A total of 12,755 adult male snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) were tagged with spaghetti–Carlin tags in 33 sites throughout the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL) and eastern Nova Scotia (eNS) between 1993 and 2003. Of the 1971 tag returns obtained between 1994 and 2004, 1703 had accurate geographical recapture positions. The average distance travelled was 16.7 km for sGSL (maximum 165 km) and 61.5 km for eNS (maximum 368 km). The release site and the number of days at liberty before recapture were significant factors affecting the distance travelled by the crabs. Size had no significant effect on the distance travelled or the direction of movement. The present observations support the sedentary nature previously reported for the sGSL snow crab stock, but not the eNS stock, where the movement of snow crab was more dynamic. In both regions, there were movements between management areas, which indicates that managing the fisheries in discrete units is not warranted.     

南沙群岛西南部陆架海区主要经济鱼类渔业生物学的初步研究

本文根据１９９２－１９９３年南沙群岛西南部陆架海区底拖网渔业资源调查资料，分析了 １７种主要经济鱼类的渔业生物学特性，并应用体长方法估计了 ｖｏｎ Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长参数（Ｌ和Ｋ）、总死亡系数、自然死亡系数、捕捞死亡系数和开发率，讨论了资源的开发状况。     

南海中南部主要经济种类渔业资源声学评估

2012年9~10月(秋季)和2013年3~4月(春季),利用科学探鱼仪(Simrad EY60)结合灯光罩网对南海中南部(5°00'N~16°00'N)渔业资源进行了声学调查与评估。通过分析渔业声学数据,并结合渔业资源采样和生物学测定数据,对鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)、鲭科(鲣Katsuwonus pelamis、圆舵鲣Auxis rochei、扁舵鲣Auxis thazard)、鲹科(长体圆鲹Decapterus macrosoma、颌圆鲹Decapterus lajang和无斑圆鲹Decapterus kurroides等)和金枪鱼属(黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacores和大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus)等4类大宗经济鱼类的资源尾数和生物量做了初步评估与分析。结果表明,2012年秋季调查海域上述4类经济种类的资源尾数依次为3.67×10~(10)、2.28×10~9、8.78×10~9、0.80×10~9 ind,合计为4.86×10~(10) ind;生物量依次为2.07×10~6、8.62×10~5、1.78×10~5、2.70×10~5t,合计为3.38×10~6t。2013年春季的资源尾数依次为2.98×10~(10)、1.39×10~9、4.40×10~9、0.65×10~9 ind,合计为3.62×10~(10) ind;生物量依次为2.44×10~6、2.68×10~5、2.44×10~5、1.88×10~5t,合计为3.14×10~6t。秋季渔业资源密度较高的海域位于10°00'N~16°00'N、110°00'E~118°00'E;春季渔业资源密度较高的海域位于8°00'N~9°00'N、110°00'E~118°00'E和10°00'N~16°00'N、110°00'E~118°00'E。