Accuracy of a machine-vision pellet detection system

Video cameras are employed on net pen fish farms for monitoring food pellet levels near the cage bottom. Herein, the accuracy of a new machine-vision system for the identification of a feed-wastage event and its response time are reported. Research involved novel tests and definitions, video footage recorded under different stocking and environmental conditions, and numerical filters to reduce the effects of misclassifications and patchiness of the pellet wastage record on overall system accuracy. Single-frame food pellet detection accuracy was based on the difference between computer-generated and actual frame counts of pellets greater than 30 pixels in size. A pellet wastage event was defined as a median of three or more visible pellets per frame. During tests on still video frames from different feeding events, the system missed 0.1±0.1 to 1.3±0.4 pellets frame⁻¹, and miss-classified as pellets 0±0.1 to 2.3±0.5 objects frame⁻¹ (n=264). Most missed pellet images were on top of fish images. Waste matter accounted for 65% of the misclassifications, while particles associated with poor camera maintenance accounted for approximately 24%. The average response time to a pellet wastage event was 5.1 and 11.4 s for sampling rates of 2 frames s⁻¹ and 0.5 frames s⁻¹, respectively (n=20 different pellet wastage events). The longest response time (26 s) occurred when fish were amassed against the camera and/or covering pellets. Using appropriate camera lens, camera positioning and/or ‘warning’ software can address fish-interference problems.     

Pollution of Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) in Water and Its Adverse Reproductive Effect on Fish

越来越多的环境内分泌干扰物（ EDCs）不断释放到环境,并通过大气沉降、地表径流、土壤淋溶和直接排放等方式进入水体,从而使水体成为 EDCs 存在的主要场所之一。为引起社会对水体 EDCs 污染的广泛关注,并积极采取EDCs 危害防治措施,保护鱼类资源和水生态系统,本文介绍了 EDCs 的分类,详述了自然水体、饮用水源水以及自来水中EDCs 污染情况,阐明了 EDCs 对鱼类的生殖危害。资料分析显示,EDCs 能够扰乱生物体内分泌功能,导致生殖器官、生殖机能和生殖行为异常,引起生育力下降,甚至生物繁殖机能损害,并最终导致种群数量下降,以至物种灭绝。虽然国内外已经开展了一些关于 EDCs 对生物危害等方面的研究,但大都处于起步阶段,存在着基础研究薄弱、识别和鉴定困难或代价太大等问题,有关工作亟需全面、深入开展。     

风味酱鸭加工工艺优化

[目的]优化风味酱鸭的加工工艺。[方法]以鸭腿为原料,选取腌制时间、煮制时间、葡萄糖添加量和酱油添加量进行单因素试验,在此基础上采用正交试验优化,研究各自变量及其交互作用对风味酱鸭风味的影响,并对其工艺参数进行优化。[结果]风味酱鸭的最佳加工工艺条件为：腌制时间12h、煮制时间70min、葡萄糖添加量2．O％、酱油添加量30ml／kg（均以鸭腿的重量计）。在此工艺条件下,酱鸭腿风味口感较好。[结论]该研究可为风味酱鸭的工业化生产提供理论指导。     

饲料磷脂对仔稚鱼营养生理的研究进展

近年来,磷脂(Phospholipids,PL)在仔稚鱼营养生理所发挥的作用引起人们广泛重视。综述了近年来饲料磷脂对仔稚鱼生长表现、消化道、骨骼发育以及脂肪代谢等方面的影响,以期为磷脂在水产苗种饲料中合理添加与应用提供理论参考。     

Fish larvae: zooplankton relationships in microcosm simulations of earthen nursery ponds. II. brackish water system

A simulation of the effects of predation intensity on zooplankton composition in brackish water nursery ponds was carried out in order to address the problem that commercial fish nurseries encounter in obtaining enough zooplankton of adequate species composition and size when fish larvae start to feed. The experimental system consisted of twelve 130 l containers with treatments of four densities (0, 1, 2, or 4 larvae l⁻¹) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stocked on the 6th day after filling the containers. Zooplankton-environment relationships were explored using factor analysis. Factor analysis allowed identifying several groups of zooplankters that responded in different ways to fish larvae predation pressure. The first factor represented a general measurement of rotifer abundance, and the second identified the direct effect of size-selective fish predation. Since no rotifers were present in the filling water, all these species were autochthonous populations that hatched from resting forms in the sediment and reproduced. In the absence of fish predation, this led to a steep rotifer increase. Fish predation started when the rotifer concentration was just starting to increase and their direct predation reduced and delayed the rotifer abundance peak. This effect increased with the increase in fish larvae density. Estimations of rotifer consumption by fish larvae in this experiment were higher than similar calculations from data of the literature, which led us to test the hypothesis that factors other than direct predation were affecting rotifer population dynamics. The mechanisms involved in rotifer population regulation are discussed. It was concluded that in commercial nurseries, increased larvae production can be achieved by keeping the larvae density at an intermediate level and stocking fish to match the increasing phase of the rotifer peak. Under reasonable larvae density (up to 2 l⁻¹) it seems that the direct predation effect of fish larvae on rotifer dynamics is minor, compared to fish induced self regulation.     

亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警系统的设计与实现

通过对亚热带水产养殖现状的分析，论述了亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警系统建设的必要性、研究的目标和任务，详细介绍了系统的结构和框架，以及亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警的几个关键问题及其解决方法。     

鱼精粉在肉鸡日粮中替代进口鱼粉的效果

选用ＡＡ肉鸡进行试验，试验在生产后期进行，试验分为两组：对照组（含有３％的秘鲁鱼粉）和试验组（含有３％的鱼精粉），两组的营养水平接近。试验组平均日增重为４７．１８ｇ，对照组为４７．０６ｇ；试验组的料肉比为２．６８４，对照组为２．７４５。两者的重要生产性能指标接近，差异不显著。试验结果表明，在生长后期的肉鸡日粮中，使用鱼精粉替代进口鱼粉并不影响试验鸡的生产性能。     

浙江鱼粉和秘鲁鱼粉氨基酸对鸡的消化率比较

本试验以去盲肠鸡和正常鸡各１６只测定了浙江鱼粉和秘鲁鱼粉的氨基酸表观消化率（ＡＡＡＤ）和真消化率（ＴＡＡＤ）。结果表明，以去盲肠鸡测定，浙江鱼粉多数氨基酸的ＡＡＡＤ和ＴＡＡＤ超过秘鲁鱼粉（Ｐ＜０．０５）。以正常鸡测定，两者大多数氨基酸消化率无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明新鲜优质浙江鱼粉的氨基酸可消化性与进口鱼粉相当，甚至更优     

A comparison of constructed and natural habitat for frog conservation in an Australian agricultural landscape

Constructed ponds are an important consideration in the conservation of wetland biota in agricultural landscapes. Twenty-two natural ponds and 22 adjacent constructed ponds (farm dams) were surveyed on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales to compare patterns of use by frogs and develop frog conservation recommendations. Farm dams supported similar numbers of frog species to natural ponds, although differences in frog assemblage were observed between the pond types. Limnodynastes tasmaniensis and Uperolia laevigata were significantly more likely to occur at farm dams while L. peronii was more likely to occur at natural ponds. Results suggest waterbodies with high levels of emergent vegetation cover that lack fish are likely to support a high number of frog species, regardless of origin (i.e. natural or constructed). However, it is important for landholders to conserve natural waterbodies as these environments appear likely to support frog species that do not use farm dams.     

Multi-scale effect of landscape processes and habitat quality on newt abundance: Implications for conservation

Recent studies in population dynamics suggest that landscape processes and habitat quality act at different scales on population abundances, but very few have modelled their simultaneous effects. However, at a time of large declines in natural populations, it is essential to understand such multivariate components. We tested the hypothesis that natural populations of palmate newts (Triturus helveticus) are affected on three scales: breeding patch (pond), habitat complementation (terrestrial cover), and metapopulation structure (density of ponds, surrounding populations). We conducted our survey in 130 ponds from southern France (Larzac) and analysed data with generalized additive models (GAM). Two main novel results emerge from these models: (1) the three landscape scales have significant effects on newt abundance, with more newts in deep, vegetated ponds, devoid of fish and surrounded by wooded areas and inhabited ponds; (2) the quality of the surrounding breeding patches is of primary importance in determining the abundance at core sites in a complex way: high abundances are associated positively with high densities of inhabited ponds, but negatively with the number of surrounding ponds. Deforestation, invasive species and abandonment of ponds all have negative impacts on the persistence of palmate newt populations. Future studies should encompass landscapes at different scales and incorporate the habitat quality in surrounding sites to better understand population dynamics and provide adequate conservation measures.