Effect of eye fluke infection on the growth of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) —An experimental approach

Effect of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on fish growth has remained somewhat unclear because 1) the question has not been subjected to experimental examination with treatment-control setup and 2) growth has not been related to the coverage of parasite-induced cataracts in a quantitative manner. We examined effects of the parasite on growth and competitive ability of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in experimental conditions resembling those at fish farms by maintaining groups of exposed and control fish, as well as mixed groups from both treatments, under optimal conditions for 8 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe differences in fish growth between the treatments. However, at the level of individual fish, parasite-induced cataracts had a negative effect on weight of the exposed fish but this took place only when the cataract coverage reached 100% in both eyes. No effect of the infection on competitive ability of fish was observed in mixed treatments which may be related to patterns of food distribution in the tanks or cues received by the fish from less infected conspecifics. Overall, the results suggest that effects of D. spathaceum on fish growth become apparent only in cases of very high cataract coverage, and that feeding regimes and the shape of the cataract coverage distribution in a fish group are important determinants of the magnitude of these effects.     

Biological and socioeconomic implications of recreational boat fishing for the management of fishery resources in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean)

A survey of coastal recreational boat fishing was conducted in summer 2006 in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) to assess the biological and socioeconomic implications of this leisure activity. Recreational boat fishers employ four different fishing techniques: bottom fishing rod, fluixa, trolling and surface fishing rod. Although the targeted species depend on the fishing method used, a total of 33 fish species were identified in the catch (8 were pelagic or benthopelagic and the rest were demersal). Fishing effort was high since fishers fished an average of 4 h/day, 8 days/month and nearly 6 months/year. Apart from the highly varied exploitation of the fauna, recreational fishing in Cap de Creus has a large economic effect on the local economy since the majority of fishers were visitors who were spending holidays in one of the villages belonging to the Park, where most of expenditures related to angling activities were made. Overall, results highlight the pressure that recreational boat fishing exerts on fish communities, particularly on littoral, demersal ones. Considering these biological and socioeconomic implications, the competition between recreational and artisanal fishers for littoral resources and the low level of compliance with the current sport fishing regulations, the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy in Mediterranean costal areas is needed.     

Evaluation of codends with sorting grids, exit windows, and diamond meshes: Size selection and fish behaviour

This paper presents the results of an experiment aimed at improving the size selection of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in the Nordic bottom trawl fishery. Three systems simulating commercial conditions were tested: a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with a 55 mm sorting grid (Sort-V); a 135 mm diamond-mesh codend fitted with two lateral exit windows; and a codend built entirely of 155 mm diamond mesh. The selectivity curves showed similar selection ranges (SR) for the three systems. For cod, the mean SRs were around 8 cm, while for haddock, they were around 6 cm. All the estimated l₅₀ values were far above the minimum landing sizes (MLS). For cod, the mean l₅₀s were 56.1, 53.9, and 60.7 cm for the sorting grid, exit windows, and diamond-mesh configurations, respectively, while for haddock, they were 50.2, 50.6, and 49.9 cm, respectively. Underwater observations revealed that most of the fish escaped from the grid and exit-window codends as soon as they reached the vicinity of the sorting device. In contrast, fish remained inside the diamond-mesh codend for a longer time, and consequently were more exposed to physical damage before escape. In addition, many fish escaped from this codend during haul back and these fish were not likely to survive due to the rapid changes in pressure. Thus, the selectivity results obtained with this type of codend should be interpreted carefully.     

Spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in the Northern Baltic Sea area

Freshwater fish species and Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) are important to small-scale fisheries in Finland and Sweden. The formerly local markets for these species have expanded as trade has been opened up to international competition. In this study we use cointegration analysis to test the spatial integration of freshwater fish markets in Finland and between Finland and Sweden. The analysed fish species are salmon, perch (Perca fluviatilis), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), European whitefish (Goregonus lavaretus) and pike (Exos lucius), and the data covers ex-vessel prices from 1993 or 1995 to 2004. We found that the regional prices in Finland were cointegrated. This indicates that the prices are determined on a single market in Finland. Moreover, the study suggests that Finnish and Swedish markets in Baltic salmon, whitefish, pikeperch and perch were partially integrated, while integration of pike markets could not be found. The political implication is that an essential part of the local small-scale fisheries’ operational environment is determined outside the national borders.     

日粮中鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生长、体成分和血清生理指标的影响

为了探讨鱼蛋白水解物对黄颡鱼生产性能的影响,以日本鳀粉为对照,以实用型黄颡鱼饲料配方模式为基础开展实验:1以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在相同配方模式下,以6%鱼蛋白水解物(MPH6)替代20%的鱼粉;2以30.5%鱼粉为对照(FM),在无鱼粉日粮中分别添加3%(FPH3)、6%(FPH6)、12%(FPH12)鱼蛋白水解物;共设计5组等氮等能实验日粮,在池塘网箱中养殖黄颡鱼[初始体质量(30.08±0.35)g]60 d。结果显示:与FM相比,FPH12在SGR、FCR、PRR和FRR方面均无显著差异,而MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组SGR降低了15.45%~24.39%,FCR升高了32.14%~42.86%,MPH6、FPH6差异显著,在PRR和FRR方面,MPH6、FPH3、FPH6组PRR降低了21.11%~27.78%,MPH6组FRR降低了41.51%;全鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分各组间差异不显著,FPH3、FPH6、FPH12肌肉多种游离氨基酸水平显著高于FM,其中Thr、Val、His与其在日粮中的水平显著相关;FPH6组HSI显著低于FM,鱼蛋白水解物对CP、VSI、肠体比的影响不显著;血清AST、ALT、HDL、LDL、TP、CHOL、TG无显著差异,FPH3组ALB显著低于FM。研究表明:黄颡鱼日粮中,12%鱼蛋白水解物(干物质)与30.5%鱼粉在生长速度、饲料效率、血清生理指标等方面具有一定的等效性;过高的植物蛋白日粮影响了黄颡鱼的生产性能;饲喂鱼蛋白水解物日粮使黄颡鱼肌肉游离氨基酸的含量升高,特别是呈味氨基酸的含量增加。     

鱼类粘液细胞研究进展

鱼类粘液细胞(ｍｕｃｏｕｓｃｅｌｌｓ)是普遍存在于鱼类上皮中的一种腺体细胞,主要分布在鱼的皮肤、鳃及消化道的上皮中,能分泌大量粘液。粘液中含有多种活性物质,如粘多糖、糖蛋白、免疫球蛋白及各种水解性酶类等,对鱼的许多生理功能有重要影响。对粘液细胞进行深入研究,不仅有助于对鱼类生长、发育以及自我保护等方面的一些基本理论问题的理解,而且在鱼类的养殖和病害防治中也具有重要的实践意义。有关鱼类粘液细胞的研究,国外开展得较早,也较广泛,已对多种鱼类的粘液细胞进行了研究。但是,国内有关这方面的研究却很少。本文结合本实验室…     

鱼油的提取与精制技术探讨

利用水产加工下脚料提取鱼油并进行精制.探讨了湿法工艺提取鱼油和精炼的工艺,比较了不同脱酸工艺对产品质量的影响,介绍了白土脱色和活性碳脱色工艺条件,并对冬化和脱臭工艺进行了研究.     

细点圆趾蟹肉酶解肽螯合锌工艺的优化

为了优化蟹肉酶解肽的锌螯合工艺,以细点圆趾蟹肉为原料,制得蟹肉酶解物,通过单因素试验,考察酶解物与硫酸锌的质量比、pH、反应时间、酶解物浓度、反应温度对锌修饰蟹肉酶解肽的影响,采用正交试验优化蟹肉酶解肽的锌修饰工艺。结果表明,在酶解物与硫酸锌的质量比2∶1、pH值6.5、时间60 min、酶解物浓度5%、温度55℃条件下,酶解肽-锌的螯合率为91.52%,螯合物得率为25.83%,该工艺条件下酶解肽与锌的螯合率和螯合物得率均较高。本研究结果为新型生物态锌的研制、细点圆趾蟹的高值化利用提供了依据。     

多轮次筛选选育高酚酸耐受性丁醇生产菌

纤维原料预处理过程中会产生酚酸等抑制菌株生长的物质,为选育出高丁醇产量及高耐受酚酸胁迫丁醇生产菌株,该研究利用多因子复合筛选策略筛选出一株能够合成足够还原力与对丁醇耐受性较好的菌株Clostridium beijerinckii W6。通过丁醇胁迫适应性进化获得丁醇耐受菌W6-1,其丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6分别提高了14.01%和16.85%。通过紫外诱变处理菌株W6-1并结合理性筛选模型最终获得丁醇产量较高菌株W6-2,其丁醇及总溶剂产量分别可达到（9.51±0.06）和（15.32±0.11）g/L。最后将菌株W6-2通过酚酸胁迫适应性进化得到突变菌W6-3,其能耐受1.0 g/L酚酸胁迫环境,且丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6-2分别提高了18.17%和17.49%。当以葛渣水解液为底物进行丙酮丁醇发酵时,突变菌W6-3的丁醇产量达（8.54±0.31）g/L,相较于菌株W6-2提高了26.71%。经多轮次诱变及适应性进化处理获得的突变菌的酚酸耐受性及发酵性能均有较大提高,该文所采用的多轮次筛选方法可以为其他快速筛选优良生产菌提供可靠的理论参考。     

初始pH值对鸡骨素酶解液Maillard反应产物的影响

以鸡骨素酶解液为原料,研究了不同初始p H值条件下,添加木糖、半胱氨酸及硫胺素制备的Maillard反应产物(MRPs,maillard reaction products)在热反应过程中的特性变化。研究表明,p H值差异引起各体系氨基酸和总糖初始含量及变化趋势差异,p H值5、7和9体系反应终点多肽含量分别为100.11、100.01、104.55 mg·m L-1;与其它2个体系相比,p H值9体系分子量为2.3、1.39k Da的峰消失,出现峰面积较大的2.95k Da峰和较小的1.04k Da峰,褐变程度为p H值7体系的1.7倍;随着p H值升高,不同体系的MRPs风味主成分存在一定差异,p H值7体系的有机硫化物电子鼻响应值约为其它两个体系的1.6倍,p H值9体系的氮氧化物响应值最大。不同初始p H值影响添加物的含量及状态,导致各体系Maillard反应历程不同,引起MRPs化学组分的差异。本研究为鸡骨素酶解液MRPs风味及功能组分生成机制的研究及鸡骨高值化衍生产品的开发提供一定理论参考。