越冬池冰下水体沉积物理化性质的初步研究

我国北方地区鱼类越冬池在整个越冬期间冰下水体沉积物积累厚度为０．８～２．０ｃｍ，相当于每平方米水面积累沉积物湿重９．６千克，干重２．８千克，其含水率为７１．５％；沉积物的ｐＨ值在６．３～７．２之间。沉积物中有机物含量和氮、磷、钾等营养元素含量比农业土壤中的含量高得多，有机物含量与总氮含量之间存在明显的正相关关系（γ＝０．９８９，ｎ＝１２）。越冬期的沉积物耗氧速率比其他季节低得多，但仍须重视；其耗氧速率与有机物含量之间存在中等强度的相关关系（γ＝０．６４８，ｎ＝１２）。     

鱼类的性别决定与人工控制

鱼类性别的人工控制是鱼类育种中一个十分重要的领域。本文概述了鱼类的性别决定机制及鱼类生理性别的表现方式,同时介绍了鱼类性别的多种人工控制方法,为育种单位的生产实践提供参考。     

五强溪水利工程对沅江鱼类资源的影响

根据1989年沅江鱼类资源调查结果,报道沅江鱼类区系组成,五强溪未成水库库区及坝下江段渔业资源状况和产飘流性卵鱼类的繁殖状况,并就五强溪水利工程对沅江鱼类资源的影响进行了预测,提出了发展渔业对策。     

氨电极在鳙鱼和鲢鱼鲜度质量评定上的应用

本研究选用Orion95-12型氨电极对在-3℃、0℃和5℃保藏过程中的鳙鱼和鲢鱼鲜度质鼙进行测定，同时与康维(Conway)法测定结果进行比较，考察这两种方法测定结果的相互关系。研究中也将上述两种理化测定方法与细菌学测定方法进行对比，进一步验证其相互关系。研究结果表明各批样品用氨电极法测定的粗氨氮值与Conway’s法测定的挥发性盐基氮值相关系数在0.9521～0.9895之间，相关极显著；而理化指标与细菌学指标的相关系数在0.8143～0.9178之间，相关也显著。氨电极法具有测定结果可靠、设备规模小、价格便宜、操作简便和测定速度快等优点。推荐此法作为生产现场或研究机构对鱼类鲜度质量进行控制的检测方法。     

Tench (Tinca tinca) broodstock management in breeding station under conditions of pond culture: a review

A basic assumption for carrying out the breeding work is to have well-organised broodstock management. Taking into account the number of populations bred and the limited number of ponds available, it is impossible to avoid rearing several juvenile or adult breeds in mixed stocks. Fish of individual breeds are group-marked with regular renewal of the freeze-branded mark and broodstock adults should be marked individually. To minimise inbreeding or losses in genetic variation, at least 120 fish per strain are reared and when the strain is restored, factorial crosses of at least 15 females and 25 males should be applied. All activities are individually registered in the “Evidence 2003” data-recording software and data can be sorted by the origin of the fish population, of the strain or of individual fish; reproductive and performance parameters are recorded individually also. Further breeding operations with tench comprise the selection after over-wintering and rearing of fish before, during and after the reproductive season.     

The awakening of invertebrates: The daily dynamics of fishes and mobile invertebrates at Rapa Nui's multiple use marine protected area

• 1. On shallow reefs, day-night activity patterns between fishes and invertebrates are presumed to reflect trade-offs between feeding and predation; however, quantitative data on daily community dynamics are scarce. Moreover, night surveys may contribute important information for biodiversity inventories or baselines that normally are not considered.
• 2. This study used standardized day–night visual surveys of fishes and mobile invertebrates on the same transect lines in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and investigated how diel patterns vary between taxonomic and trophic groups.
• 3. Distinct differences between taxonomic groups were observed, with fishes being more abundant during the day (>twice), whilst invertebrate abundance and richness showed an opposite trend with higher numbers at night (>three times).
• 4. Analysis of trophic groups showed that herbivorous and planktivorous fishes were more abundant during the day. Carnivorous fishes did not show any trends. Top predators (Apex) were observed only at very low abundances. However, a replacement amongst carnivorous fish species between day and night was found, where labridae fishes were practically absent during nights.
• 5. Most of the mobile invertebrates remained concealed during the day, probably due to the influence of predation risk (labrid fishes). The results emphasize the need for consideration of nocturnally active invertebrates in biodiversity inventories or baselines of reefs, which focus heavily only on diurnal surveys.
• 6. Day–night reef surveys should be included in marine protected area planning and monitoring as this provides a better understanding of shallow benthic communities and helps inform proper management decisions.

     

Digestive function and intestinal integrity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed kernel meals and protein concentrates made from yellow or narrow-leafed lupins

This study assessed the effects of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) and narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) kernel meals and protein concentrates on the gastrointestinal integrity, capacity for digestive hydrolysis, and digestibility of nutrients in Atlantic salmon. A basal diet (FM) was made from fish meal, wheat, and fish oil. Six additional diets were formulated by replacing 30% of the FM diet with lupin kernel meal made from L. l. cv. Wodjil (LKM), L. a. cv. Belara (BKM), and L. a. cv. Myallie (MKM), lupin protein concentrates made from the same L. l. (LPC) and L. a. cv. M (MPC), or extracted soybean meal (SBM). All diets were extruded. Each diet was fed to three groups of 176 g salmon kept in 1 m² tanks with 5.6 °C saltwater for 3 weeks prior to sampling of blood, intestinal organs, digesta, and faeces. Inclusion of lupin meals in the diets resulted in harder and more condensed feed particles. Ulcer-like lesions were observed in the stomach of fish from all feeding groups, and this was worsened by lupin in the diet, but did not appear to be pellet hardness related. No consistent altered morphology was observed in the distal intestine (DI) of fish fed the FM and lupin diets, while the DI of fish fed SBM showed consistent and typical soybean meal-induced pathomorphological changes. Plasma cholesterol was higher when feeding MKM and LKM than when feeding FM, MPC, and LPC, with intermediate levels when feeding BKM and SBM. Feeding LKM and LPC resulted in a higher weight of the GIT when related to body weight. Trypsin activity and bile acid concentration were generally higher in digesta from the pyloric (PI) and mid (MI) intestine when feeding FM and lupin diets than when feeding SBM, while the opposite was seen for trypsin activity in digesta from DI. There were no effects of diet on leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and maltase activity in PI and MI, but in DI the activity of these brush border enzymes were significantly lowered when feeding SBM. SBM in the diet resulted in watery faeces and lowered apparent digestibility of lipid, but this was not observed when feeding the lupin diets. To conclude, the tested lupin kernel meals and protein concentrates did not alter the intestinal function in Atlantic salmon when included at 30% of the diet. Dietary lupin was, however, involved in the worsening of ulcer-like gastric lesions.     

Surface disinfection of eggs from marine fish: evaluation of four chemicals

For surface disinfection of marine fish eggs Buffodine (1.06% free iodine), glutaraldehyde, chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite (5% free chlorine) were tested using plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) as the main species for evaluation. Glutaraldehyde was the most promising candidate of the four chemicals tested. Good bactericidal effects without any documented negative effects on eggs and larvae were obtained at concentrations of 400–600 mg l^–1 and contact times of 5–10 min. Replicated experiments under identical disinfection conditions revealed a clear correlation between the degree of successful surface disinfection and the initial bacterial load of the egg batch.     

国内外对鱼类耳石日轮的研究和应用

人类对鱼类耳石日轮的研究开始于七十年代初。到目前为止，国内外许多学者对多种海水、淡水鱼类的耳石日轮进行了研究。本文简要介绍了这方面的研究结果，其中包括耳石日轮的结构，日轮的形成与环境之间的关系，日轮研究在其它领域中的应用，以及目前该研究工作存在的问题。