Pollution of Environmental Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) in Water and Its Adverse Reproductive Effect on Fish

越来越多的环境内分泌干扰物（ EDCs）不断释放到环境,并通过大气沉降、地表径流、土壤淋溶和直接排放等方式进入水体,从而使水体成为 EDCs 存在的主要场所之一。为引起社会对水体 EDCs 污染的广泛关注,并积极采取EDCs 危害防治措施,保护鱼类资源和水生态系统,本文介绍了 EDCs 的分类,详述了自然水体、饮用水源水以及自来水中EDCs 污染情况,阐明了 EDCs 对鱼类的生殖危害。资料分析显示,EDCs 能够扰乱生物体内分泌功能,导致生殖器官、生殖机能和生殖行为异常,引起生育力下降,甚至生物繁殖机能损害,并最终导致种群数量下降,以至物种灭绝。虽然国内外已经开展了一些关于 EDCs 对生物危害等方面的研究,但大都处于起步阶段,存在着基础研究薄弱、识别和鉴定困难或代价太大等问题,有关工作亟需全面、深入开展。     

鱼体重金属检测方法的研究进展

工业的快速发展使包括重金属在内的大量污染物进入水体,从而导致水生生态系统遭受不同程度的破坏,并加剧了水产品的重金属污染。因此,对水产品重金属检测方法的研究迫在眉睫。介绍了鱼类重金属离子检测技术,并讨论了现存重金属检测技术的优缺点和未来的发展方向,以期为筛选或研制出灵敏度更高、准确度更好、速度更快的检测方法提供依据。     

蛋鸡福利化养殖模式及技术装备研究进展

自1999年欧洲福利法提出全面禁止传统笼养以来,世界各国开展了很多蛋鸡福利化养殖系统的研究,以保障蛋鸡福利,取得了很多方面的改进。然而,在世界上的主要蛋品生产国家中,福利化养殖设施所占蛋鸡养殖模式的比例仍然较低。随着人们对动物福利的重视和行业的可持续发展要求的提高,开发新型养殖设施的呼声日益高涨。根据国内养殖业建筑现状以及现代高产品种抗病力差的特点,发展福利化养殖装备提高蛋鸡鸡体本身的健康和福利,减少因药物使用带来的负面影响,中国开发福利化蛋鸡养殖设施以提高鸡体健康和福利以抵抗疾病,减少用药;同时促进舍内环境良好,创造适应现代鸡群的生存条件显得至关重要。该文通过概述世界现存的几种替代传统笼养的福利化养殖模式及装备,比较它们各自的特点以及它们在蛋鸡福利、生产性能及蛋品质、社会经济环境对它们产生的不同影响等方面的差异。提出并分析了不同养殖系统存在的主要问题。通过总结国外蛋鸡福利化养殖设施的优缺点,为国内蛋鸡福利化系统的开发提供参考。在改善行为福利的同时,还需要结合传统笼养鸡体与粪便分离、动物健康状况好、投资较低的优点,改变现有的福利化养殖装备系统设计。另外,该文展望了福利化养殖设施的发展方向,并提出了发展福利化养殖设施的新思路。     

A comparison of constructed and natural habitat for frog conservation in an Australian agricultural landscape

Constructed ponds are an important consideration in the conservation of wetland biota in agricultural landscapes. Twenty-two natural ponds and 22 adjacent constructed ponds (farm dams) were surveyed on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales to compare patterns of use by frogs and develop frog conservation recommendations. Farm dams supported similar numbers of frog species to natural ponds, although differences in frog assemblage were observed between the pond types. Limnodynastes tasmaniensis and Uperolia laevigata were significantly more likely to occur at farm dams while L. peronii was more likely to occur at natural ponds. Results suggest waterbodies with high levels of emergent vegetation cover that lack fish are likely to support a high number of frog species, regardless of origin (i.e. natural or constructed). However, it is important for landholders to conserve natural waterbodies as these environments appear likely to support frog species that do not use farm dams.     

Bans,tests, and alchemy: Food safety regulation and the Uganda fish export industry

Contemporary regulation of food safety incorporates principles of quality management and systemic performance objectives that used to characterize private standards. Conversely, private standards are covering ground that used to be the realm of regulation. The nature of the two is becoming increasingly indistinguishable. The case study of the Ugandan fish export industry highlights how management methods borrowed from private standards can be applied to public regulation to achieve seemingly conflicting objectives. In the late 1990s, the EU imposed repeated bans on fish imported from Uganda on the basis of food safety concerns. However, the EU did not provide scientific proof that the fish were actually “unsafe.” Rather, the poor performance of Uganda’s regulatory and monitoring system was used as justification. Only by fixing “the system” (of regulations and inspections) and performing the ritual of laboratory testing for all consignments for export to the EU did the Ugandan industry regain its status as a “safe” source of fish. Yet, gaps and inconsistencies abound in the current Ugandan fish safety management system. Some operations are by necessity carried out as “rituals of verification.” Given the importance of microbiological tests and laboratories in the compliance system, “alchemic rituals” provide an appropriate metaphor. These rituals are part and parcel of a model that reassures the EU fish-eating public that all is under control in Uganda from boat to point of export. As a consequence, actual non-compliance from boat to landing site allows the fishery to survive as an artisanal operation. Stefano Ponte is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. His research focuses on the role of standards, regulation and quality conventions in the governance of agro-food value chains, with particular focus on Africa. He is co-author of Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains and the Global Economy and The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development.     

低温和维生素E对育成期笼养蛋鸭生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验选用健康的13周龄金定母鸭144只,采用2×3两因素有重复试验设计,研究低温及维生素E(VE)对育成期(13～18周龄)笼养蛋鸭生产性能及生化指标的影响。研究结果表明,①低温使日采食量和饲料转化率显著升高,日增重显著降低(P<0.05)。VE水平对日采食量影响不显著(P>0.05),但是显著提高了日增重(P<0.05),使饲料转化率显著降低(P<0.05)。②低温对总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)影响不显著(P>0.05),但添加VE使TP浓度显著提高(P<0.05);低温有使尿酸(URIC)、尿素氮(BUN)升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),VE水平的提高使BUN浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。③低温使肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶活性显著升高(P<0.05);VE水平提高显著降低谷丙转氨酶活性(P<0.05),对其它酶活性的影响不显著,但有降低趋势(P>0.05)。④低温对T3、T4影响不显著(P>0.05),但有使T3升高的趋势;VE水平提高使T3显著降低(P<0.05)。低温使孕酮(P)浓度显著降低(P<0.05),VE水平的提高使孕酮浓度显著上升(P<0.05)。     

江苏省宝应湖鱼类组成和优势种研究

[目的]对江苏省宝应湖鱼类组成进行研究。[方法]2012年9月至2014年5月通过标本采集和走访调查的方法对扬州市宝应湖鱼类种群结构进行了研究。[结果]宝应湖鱼类有41种,隶属7目、14科、33属。其中,物种数最多的为鲤形目,达26种,占调查鱼类物种总数的63.41%。从相对重要性指标(IRI)来看,宝应湖鱼类的优势种分别为鲫鱼、红鳍原鲌、条、贝氏条,多数优势种的平均体重为8.63~18.31 g。[结论]宝应湖鱼类种数减少,低龄化、小型化严重。     

饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡屠体性状的影响

本研究选择笼养和放养条件下49周龄的卢氏绿壳蛋鸡各20只（公母各半）,测定了其屠体性状。结果表明,饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡的活重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率、翅重、心脏重、肝脏重、脾重、肠重、胃重和生殖器官重的影响均差异不显著（P>0.05）。饲养方式对公鸡的各项指标影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,而对母鸡的头重、颈重、脚重影响很大（P<0.01）;相同饲养条件下公鸡的全净膛率、腹脂率、头重、脚重、颈重、翅重、心脏重和肠重极显著高于母鸡（P<0.01）,对肝脏重、脾脏重和胃重的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;笼养时公鸡的活重、腿肌率和生殖器官重显著高于母鸡（P<0.05）,而对半净膛率和胸肌率的影响不显著（P>0.05）;放养时母鸡的生殖器官重极显著的高于母鸡（P<0.01）;不同饲养条件下,公鸡头重、颈重、肠重、生殖器官重与屠宰率相关性不显著（P>0.05）;母鸡脚重、翅重、肠重、脾脏重与屠宰率的相关性显著（P<0.05）。     

淡水鲳对九种常用鱼药的敏感性试验

本文报告了敌百虫、孔雀石绿、硝酸亚汞、漂白粉、呋喃唑酮、生石灰和食盐等常用鱼药对淡水鲳的安金浓度依次为0.028ppm、0.0312ppm、0.0865ppm、0.699ppm、16.22 ppm、19.5 ppm、1040 ppm。淡水鲳分别在亚甲基蓝2.1 ppm,硫酸铜硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)5.6ppm药液中浸浴240小时,未见异常反应。     

Immunostimulatory effects of natural human interferon-alpha (huIFN-α) on carps Cyprinus carpio L.

Human interferon-α (huIFN-α) is an important immunomodulatory substance used in the treatment and prevention of numerous infectious and immune-related diseases in animals. However, the immunostimulatory effects of huIFN-α in fish remain to be investigated. In the current study, the immune responses of the carp species Cyprinus carpio L. to treatment with huIFN-α were analyzed via measurement of superoxide anion production, phagocytic activity and the expression of cytokine genes including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 10. Low doses of huIFN-α were administered orally once a day for 3 days, and sampling was carried out at 1, 3 and 5 days post-treatment. Our results indicate that a low dose of huIFN-α significantly increased phagocytic activity and superoxide anion production in the carp kidney. The huIFN-α-treated fish also displayed a significant upregulation in cytokine gene expression. The current study demonstrates the stimulatory effects of huIFN-α on the carp immune system and highlights the immunomodulatory role of huIFN-α in fish.