Non‐linear thermodynamic laws application to soil processes

An attempt has been made to analyze the possibility to use nonequilibrium thermodynamics for the soil dynamic open systems’ treatment. Entropy change of such a system is expressed by the entropy sum produced within the system and the entropy coming from or going into the outer sphere.

In the steady state, dynamic soil‐formation processes occur within an organized structure and are characterized by stable parameters close to equilibrium. Accordingly, when examining soil, one can proceed from the conventional thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the matter of Onzager‐Prigozhin general phenomenological theory applicability to soil processes is more complicated. To study soil stability it is necessary to go beyond the limits of linear thermodynamics.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: H.W. Arndt and Hal Hill (eds), Southeast Asia’s economic crisis: Origins, lessons and the way forward William Cline, Trade and income distribution Morris Goldstein, The Asian financial crisis: Causes, curses and systemic implications Lamont Lindstrom and James Gwero (eds), Big Wok: Storian blong Wol Wo Tu long Vanuatu     

THE INFLUENCE OF TYLOSES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF MATCHES

This article deals with the results of time studies of pruning P. radiata from 22 ft. to 35 ft. with pole saws. The influence on pruning time of mean diameter and number of branches removed in the pruning operation, number of cones removed and time of day is investigated and a multiple regression equation, expressing the relationship between pruning time and these variables, is computed. A taper table is prepared and used to investigate the effect of pruning on the formation of knot-free timber. The economics of high-pruning is discussed.     

杉木优良家系主要生长性状遗传距离聚类分析

对１１２个杉木优良家系的主要生长性状，采用主成分遗传距离法进行综合评价，从中选出４０个高产优良家系，平均材积遗传增益达７１．５％，能显著提高增益水平。     

开发优质饲用灌木建立长期人工灌草丛草地

针对广西草地基况低劣和补播优良牧草改良山地草地特别是石灰岩草易退化的现状，并根据部分天然石灰岩草地补播优质豆科饲用灌木建立人工灌草从草地的初实践，提出了用速生、高产、优质、耐旱、耐瘠薄、侵占性和竞争力都极强的优质饲用灌木建立人工灌草丛草地的发言奶措施。     

PP_(333)对温室葡萄枝条次生木质部细胞解剖结构的影响

为了研究设施栽培条件下葡萄木质部细胞的特征性结构及其受PP_(333)的影响,试验通过对温室葡萄喷施PP_(333)后的枝条次生木质部细胞的解离、观察,经统计分析,结果表明:(1)不同浓度PP333处理对各类型细胞的X形态结构没有明显影响;(2)浓度不同对各类细胞的长度和直径抑制作用不同,喷施1500mg/L浓度的PP_(333)对其营养生长的抑制效果最好。通过该试验的研究,为更好地探索设施栽培条件下果树的生理生态特征和化学调控技术提供了依据。     

四倍体刺槐嫩枝插穗生根的解剖学观察

通过对四倍体刺槐嫩枝插穗扦插前和扦插后的切片观察,结果表明:(1)在插穗的切口处有愈伤组织,在愈伤组织内未发现产生根原基;(2)四倍体刺槐嫩枝茎内无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基源于髓射线细胞的分裂和分化。     

闽南山地桉树纤维材优良无性系的选择研究

对福建漳州岩溪、天马 2个试验点 1 3个桉树纤维材无性系的生长性状、木材纤维形态和化学组分等性能进行测定与分析 ,并经多性状综合评判 ,选择出具有较高的生长量、生物量和纤维产量 ,适合闽南山地发展的C9、C1 0、EC1、EC3、C6共 5个纤维材优良无性系 ,其中尤以C9、C1 0、EC1三个无性系的各性状为最优。这 5个无性系 ,3a生年平均树高和胸径生长量、每株干材重量和纤维产量分别可达 3 93～ 6 60m、3 83～ 4 97cm ,9 71～ 2 0 48kg·a- 1 和 4 3 6～ 9 5 2kg·a- 1 ,而且木材纤维形态和化学组成等特性良好 ,可进一步扩大繁殖、推广应用。     

特种用途皂荚优良无性系选择研究

为解决皂荚生产上存在的没有工业原料专用良种的问题,在枣庄、邹城、临沂等地现存的3万余株20~300年生皂荚大树中,筛选出优良单株4株,分别在山亭区、峄城区、滕州市、市中区等地进行生长量、产量、适应性、稳定性比较试验。综合分析,选择出工业原料用羊肠子、多刺速生、长荚、早丰等4个优良无性系,其产籽量超过对照48.3%~142.5%,其它指标优于对照。     

Life cycles of individual roots in fine root system of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.

Recent studies have remarked on differences in the life cycles of individual fine roots. However, the dynamics of individual roots with different life cycles, such as ephemeral and perennial, during root system development are still unknown. We examined individual roots during fine root system development in a mature stand of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc. (Cupressaceae) using the sequential ingrowth core method and an anatomical method. The visual classification, i.e., orange, red, brown, intact dead, and fragmented dead, of fine roots corresponded well with the anatomical classification. Orange and red roots contained passage cells, and brown roots contained cork cambium. The proportions of protoxylem groups differed among visual classes. Brown secondary roots were mainly triarch (43%) and tetrarch (40%) and rarely diarch (12%), whereas fragmented dead roots, which constituted more than 95% of the dead roots, were mainly diarch (67%). These results imply that triarch and tetrarch roots tend to form secondary roots, whereas diarch roots tend to become dead roots without secondary growth. Using the numbers of root tips and clusters, root system development could be classified into three stages: colonization, branching within the root system, and maintenance. During the colonization stage, mainly triarch and tetrarch roots, which tend to be secondary growth, invaded ingrowth cores. During the branching stage, primarily diarch roots, which tend to be ephemeral, emerged. Fine root system development involved the recruitment of different individual roots during the life cycle depending on the growth stage.