基于CA-Markov模型的黄土丘陵区土地利用变化

为探讨黄土丘陵区的土地利用变化规律以及驱动机制,以罗玉沟流域作为典型流域,基于1986、2001年的TM影像为数据源,对土地利用格局分布进行分析,并运用CA-Markov模型,以2001年的土地利用格局为基础,预测了2016年流域的土地利用的空间格局分布。结果表明,罗玉沟流域土地利用格局在1986年以前,以坡耕地为主,面积占59.67%,其次为梯田、草地和林地。从1986年到2001年林地和梯田的面积均有显著增加,坡耕地面积则显著减少,其余土地利用类型面积变化不大。从单一土地利用类型动态度来看,面积增加大     

北方森林细根对氮沉降和二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

北方森林是全球第二大生物群区,约占全球森林面积的30%,尽管其细根生物量仅占森林生态系统很小的一部分,但其周转率更快,更易分解,因此,其对土壤碳循环和大气CO_2通量贡献很大。笔者综述了氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的背景数据,总结了细根对二者变化的响应,主要从细根的形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能方面入手,探讨了其对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应。结论如下:(1)大气氮沉降量一直处于上升状态,与人类活动密切相关的有机氮量所占比例逐渐加大,而无机氮中NH_4~-N和NO_3~-N的变化趋势表现不同;(2)大气CO_2浓度一直呈上升趋势,细根形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能对其表现出明显的响应;(3)树种、年龄、土壤类型等都会改变细根形态、解剖结构和生理功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应结果,但改变的程度不同。研究结果可为北方森林乃至温带森林生态系统功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应提供参考依据和数据支持。     

浙江安吉主要植被类型根系分布特征研究

采用土柱法对黄浦江源区—浙江省安吉县主要植被类型林木细根分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：不同植被类型细根分布有较大差异,茶园、毛竹林、灌木林的根长、根表面积都要明显高于其他几种植被类型,而落阔林的根体积最大,常阔林的根重最大;细根随土层深度的增加而减少,林地细根主要分布在0-40cm土层。草地主要分布在0-30cm土层,这对抵抗径流侵蚀、保持水土资源具有重要意义;各样地根长均以〈0．5mm径级的根长含量最高,0．5-1mm径级次之,而2-5mm径级的最少。根系体积和根重具有相同的分布趋势。大小顺序均为：2—5mm〉1—2mm〉0．5-1mm〉0．5mm,与根长的分布状况正好相反。不同径级根表面积分布差异较大。     

Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforest alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil

Large areas of remaining tropical forests are affected by anthropogenic disturbances of various intensities. These disturbances alter the structure of the forest ecosystem and consequently its carbon budget. We analysed the role of fine root dynamics in the soil carbon budget of tropical moist forests in South-east Asia along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. Fine root production, fine root turnover, and the associated carbon fluxes from the fine root system to the soil were estimated with three different approaches in five stands ranging from an old growth forest with negligible anthropogenic disturbance to a cacao agroforestry system with planted shade trees. Annual fine root production and mortality in three natural forest sites with increasing canopy openness decreased continuously with increasing forest disturbance, with a reduction of more than 45% between the undisturbed forest and the forest with large timber extraction. Cacao agroforestry stands had higher fine root production and mortality rates than forest with large timber extraction but less than undisturbed forest. The amount of carbon annually transferred to the soil carbon pool through fine root mortality was highest in the undisturbed forest and generally decreased with increasing forest use intensity. However, root-related C flux was also relatively high in the plantation with planted shading trees. In contrast, the relative importance of C transfer from root death in the total above- and below-ground C input to the soil increased with increasing forest use intensity and was even similar to the C input via leaf litter fall in the more intensively managed agroforest. We conclude that moderate to heavy disturbance in South-east Asian tropical moist forests has a profound impact on fine root turnover and the related carbon transfer to the soil.     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

不同发育期的牛蛙蝌蚪消化道组织学观察

取不同发育期牛蛙蝌蚪通过解剖和切片观察可以看出，牛蛙蝌蚪消化道组织由不发达慢慢发育完全，表现为浆膜层逐渐明显，肌肉层由不成层平滑肌细胞逐渐发育成层、增厚；粘膜层、食道粘膜上皮由单层柱状上皮向复层扁平上皮演变，固有层在后期出现食道腺，胃肠道粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮，各级消化道结构在变态时变化最大。     

可见半面树冠法预测油松种子产量的研究

以可见半面树冠法估测的油松球果成熟前数量来预测油松当年种子产量 ,结果得出 :油松球果数目和种子产量有着密切的直线相关关系 ,可以用油松球果数进行种子产量的预测 ;这是一种方便而且精度高的方法。二者呈直线相关 ,相关系数 r =0 .86 0 3,预测精度为 86 .99%。     

大鲵部分器官组织学观察

大鲵是国家二级保护动物，对大鲵进行研究在保护珍稀动物和保持生态平衡方面具有重要的生物学意义。本实验以大鲵部分器官为材料，用Bouin氏液固定，石蜡切片，HE染色，在光镜下进行观察。发现其皮肤具有两种分别分泌黏液和胶状物的腺体，肾小囊发达，肾小管数目多，肺的平滑肌细咆和核均呈螺旋型排列。肝细咆索不呈放射状排列等特征。     

水稻卫星搭载突变性状考察和品系选育

利用我国返回式卫星搭载水稻品种“特籼占13”种子，回收后经多代的种植选择，选育出性状稳定的13个突变品系进行主要经济性状考察，结果表明：空间诱变突变品系的多个性状都发生了不同程度的变异，其中谷粒长宽比、穗长、穗粒数、小区产量等性状，品系间变异达到显著和极显著水平。讨论了水稻空间诱变性状变异改良的有效性，并从参试空间诱变突变品系中选育出多个性状同时产生突变得到改良的优质高产新品系。     

小兴安岭丰林自然保护区阔叶红松林红松天然更新研究

本文对阔叶红松林红松天然更新固定观察研究结果进行阐述,红松天然更新数量在柞树红松林中最多,椴树红松林中次之,枫桦红松林和云冷杉红松林中最差。四个林型红松天然更新1—5年生的幼苗数量分别为其总更新株数的96％、86％、87％、82％,当年生的幼苗又占绝对优势。鼠类、鸟类,球蚜、立枯病、红松落叶病等这些病虫及动物的危害严重影响着红松天然更新的发生发展。研究成果为红松林恢复提供理论依据。