Geosmin depuration from European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is not affected by the water renewal rate of depuration tanks

This study established that geosmin depuration from European eel is not affected by the water renewal rate of depuration tanks. A general fish bioaccumulation model extended with terms that account for effects of tank water renewal rate and system losses of chemicals, predicted strong effects of the water renewal rate of depuration tanks on geosmin depuration from European eel. Model predictions were validated in a depuration experiment with geosmin‐loaded European eel (n = 95) with a mean (SD) individual weight of 134.4 (5.0) g and a mean (SD) lipid content of 33.7 (2.8) % (w/w). Fish were depurated for 24, 48 or 72 h at three different tank water renewal rates (0.3, 3.3 and 33 day^?1). Treatments were installed by three different mean (SD) water flow rates (13.8 (1.3), 143.5 (9.2) and 1511 (80) L kg fish^?1 day^?1) over 30‐L tanks. Eels eliminated geosmin from their bodies, but unlike the model predicted, this was independent of the water renewal rate of the depuration tanks. Although being eliminated from the fish, geosmin hardly appeared and certainly did not accumulate in the water of the depuration tanks as the model predicted. This observation may be explained by geosmin being eliminated from eel as metabolite rather than the parent compound. Geosmin elimination from eel seems not to occur according to the generally accepted passive diffusion mechanism for excretion of lipophilic chemicals, and geosmin biotransformation by the eel seems indicated. Clearly geosmin depuration from European eel cannot be enhanced by increasing water renewal rates of depuration tanks.     

Migratory history of the giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Bonin Islands of Japan

Chino N, Arai T. Migratory history of the giant mottled eel ( Anguilla marmorata ) in the Bonin Islands of Japan.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 19–25. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  In order to elucidate the migratory history and habitat use of the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata, in the Bonin Islands of Japan, strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths were examined by X-ray electron microprobe analysis. The X-ray intensity map and line analyses showed three fluctuation patterns: (i) freshwater residence, (ii) continuous residence in brackish water, and (iii) residence in freshwater after recruitment, while returning to brackish water. Based on these results and previous studies, the migratory behaviours of A. marmorata appear to differ in each habitat in response to inter- and intra-specific competition. The results suggest that A. marmorata has a flexible pattern of migration, with an ability to adapt to various habitats and salinities.     

Protective immune responses of recombinant outer membrane proteins OmpF and OmpK of Aeromonas hydrophila in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Gram‐negative bacteria have been proven to be efficient subunit vaccines against bacteriosis. In this study, OmpF and OmpK of Aeromonas hydrophila were expressed, and their immune protective effects in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were evaluated. The genomic DNA of A. hydrophila 322A was used as a template, and two kinds of prokaryotic expression plasmids, pET‐32a‐OmpF and pET‐32a‐OmpK, were constructed. Recombinant OmpF protein (r‐OmpF) and r‐OmpK were purified and were proven to have antigenicity by Western‐blot analysis. r‐OmpF and r‐OmpK were used as immunogens to immunize European eel by intraperitoneal injection. The mRNA expression of 6 immune‐related genes (IgM, IL‐10, IRF3, IRF7, LysG4 and HexB) in the liver tissues of eels at 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 72 hr and 10 days postimmunization was analysed by real‐time PCR. At 30 dpi, the serum antibody response was measured by ELISA. Fish were attacked at 15 dpi by live 322A to assess the protective immunity of r‐OmpF and r‐OmpK. All the six tested genes responded to r‐OmpF or r‐OmpK vaccination at varying degrees. The serum antibody titre of r‐OmpF‐ and r‐OmpK‐immunized groups was 1:1,600 and 1:3,200 respectively. In addition, r‐OmpF gave 35.5% of the relative immune protection rate to European eels, while r‐OmpK gave 70.0%. By analysing the protective immunity and the regulatory role in the immune‐related gene expression of the two recombinant proteins that were studied, it was found that r‐OmpK was a potential vaccine candidate against A. hydrophila.     

Natural dietary additive yellow loess as potential antibiotic replacer in Japanese eel,Anguilla japonica: Effects on growth,immune responses,serological characteristics and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an additive derived from the nature as an alternative of dietary antibiotic in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain no antibiotics or additive (yellow loess/YL) (control/CON), three graded levels of yellow loess at 5 (YL₅), 10 (YL₁₀) and 20 g/kg (YL₂₀), oxytetracycline at 5 (OTC) and amoxicillin at 10 g/kg amoxicillin (AMX) of diet. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) from fish fed CON or YL₅ diets were significantly lower than those of fish fed YL₂₀ or OTC diets. Among non‐specific enzyme, lysozyme activity of fish fed YL₂₀, OTC or AMX was detected to be significantly higher than that from fish fed CON or YL₅ diets, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the fish fed CON was significantly lower than that for fish fed other experimental diets. Challenge test with bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, showed improved disease resistance among the fish fed different levels of natural additive without any statistical difference from those fed antibiotics (OTC and/or AMX) supplemented diets. Therefore, these results demonstrated the potential of natural feed additive, yellow loess to replace oxytetracycline and/or amoxicillin in Japanese eel, A. japonica.     

从《紫钗记》与《牡丹亭》管窥明代女性园林香境

园林是明代女性生活的重要空间,用香赏香是女性园林生活中不可或缺的内容,丰富的香气与女性的情感交融,营造出意蕴深远的香境,这在戏剧中体现得尤为突出.选择明代戏剧家汤显祖的作品《紫钗记》与《牡丹亭》为研究材料,梳理其中描述的女性园林空间的主要香气来源,解析氤氲的香气及其所在环境所蕴含的女性丰富情感,以此窥探明代女性园林香境...     

濒危植物珙桐大小孢子形成和雌雄配子体发育观察

利用石蜡切片法对不同发育阶段的珙桐花器官进行解剖并研究。结果表明:花药壁的发育类型是双子叶型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为四面体型。成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,具有3个萌发沟。珙桐的胚珠为直立胚珠,厚珠心,单珠被,胚囊为单孢子发生类型,为典型的蓼型胚囊发育方式,通过连续切片的观察,没有发现大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体形成的异常。     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

四川省麻疯树天然林资源的调查与分析

利用近期卫星遥感图片解译结果并结合实地调查,对四川麻疯树天然资源分布情况及生长特点进行了初步调查。结果表明：（1）四川麻疯树天然林资源总面积为34194hm2,主要沿金沙江、安宁河和雅砻江干流及其支流干热河谷呈窄带状水平分布;垂直分布范围为海拔400m—1800m。主要分布范围为海拔800m—1400m,其占四川天然林麻疯树总面积的84．47％。（2）分布方式以零星分布为主,夹杂有团条状分布、成片少,成片分布面积仅占总面积的22．25％。（3）通过对麻疯树天然林资源权属、地类、起源、面积、立地因子、株数、密度、树高、冠幅、生长状况、结实状况、生境状况、病虫害等情况的调查表明,四川麻疯树天然林资源具有雌雄花比例失调、单株产量差异大、病虫害严重、徒长枝多等一系列特点。（4）在宏观上,麻疯树在四川的适生区域为雅砻江流域的中下游及其支流安宁河流域的中下游及金沙江攀枝花、会理、会东段的部分支流的河谷地带。     

循环水处理系统处理鳗鲡养殖污水的应用实验

设计了一套由氧化沟、生物膜池、上下行滤池、蓄水池、紫外消毒器五部分组成的水产养殖循环水处理系统,并直接应用于鳗鲡养殖生产．结果表明：该系统对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷、浊度、化学耗氧量的平均去除率分别为25．2％、52．2％、46．1％、77．4％和52．6％;处理后的出水,上述各指标的量依次为0．471mg／L、0．039mg／L、0．270mg／L、3．6NTU、6．25mg／L;经紫外消毒后的出水,细菌总数从2．87×10^3CFU／mL减少到5．63×10^2CFU／mL,弧菌去除率达100％．养殖实验期间鳗鲡生长良好,本水处理系统进一步改良完善后可应用于鳗鲡等水产动物的循环水养殖．