Feeding has the largest effect on the ammonia excretion rate of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii and Panulirus cygnus, was determined in relation to temperature, body weight, emersion, daily rhythm and feeding. Temperature and body weight had large influences on the rate of TAN excretion. Exponential relationships were found between temperature (T) and TAN excretion of both species. These were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.041T−3.57 (r²=0.979, F=143.2, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.057T−3.90 (r²=0.987, F=302.2, P<0.001). TAN excretions of both species were positively correlated to body weight (W), and the relationships were described by the following equations: J. edwardsii Log₁₀ TAN=0.473 log₁₀ W−1.704 (r²=0.42, F=14.05, P=0.001), P. cygnus Log₁₀ TAN=0.499 log₁₀ W−1.346 (r²=0.69, F=44.18, P<0.001). TAN excretion increased significantly when lobsters were re-immersed after a 30 min period of emersion. However, it returned to pre-emersion levels by the second hour of re-immersion. Daily rhythm resulted in a significantly higher nocturnal TAN excretion rate for J. edwardsii; no daily rhythm was observed for P. cygnus. Feeding had the largest influence on TAN excretion, with maximum increases of 6.28 (J. edwardsii) and 5.60 (P. cygnus) times the pre-feeding level. TAN excretion rates remained significantly higher than the pre-feeding levels for an extended period (26 h, J. edwardsii; 30 h, P. cygnus). Implications for the use of purging tanks in lobster holding facilities and for the design of biofiltration systems are discussed.     

摄食促进剂对对虾生长的影响

IntroductionMeasures to assure that all feed offered to animals in commercial operation is consumed and to reduceformulated feed waste pollution,have been considered as some of the most relevant for lowering productioncosts in aquaculture.Considering the importance of chemical stimulant in development of the crustacean lifecircle,it is logical to assume that by adding attractants to the feed,the animal would rapidly find potentialfeed and ingest it.Additionally,measures involving the incorpora…     

基于林分生长过程的辽东山区森林植被固碳潜力及其价值研究

利用基于林分生长过程的Richards生长方程以及蓄积量转换生物量模型,评估了辽宁冰砬山长白落叶松人工林和蒙古栎天然次生林两种典型森林类型4个龄级的植被固碳速率、固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值。研究结果表明:两种森林的单位面积植被固碳潜力总体上都是随着龄级的增加单位面积植被固碳潜力在增加。除中龄林外,长白落叶松人工林各个龄级的植被单位面积固碳潜力均比蒙古栎天然次生林大。长白落叶松人工林各龄级森林植被单位面积潜在固碳价值在2 113~9 656元,蒙古栎天然次生林在1 594~4 195元。长白落叶松人工林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为14和11 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为1 700和1 300万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所降低;蒙古栎天然次生林2000年和2005年的固碳潜力分别为4.8和5.4 Gg·a-1,潜在固碳价值分别为600和700万元·a-1,与2000年相比,2005年固碳潜力和潜在固碳价值都有所增加。     

Early development of the shortfin silverside Chirostoma humboldtianum (Valenciennes, 1835) (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)

The shortfin silverside Chirostoma humboldtianum has been considered for culture in Mexico, but success has been limited by a poor knowledge of its early development. First synthesis of the early development of the shortfin silverside is presented to determine conditions suitable for rearing. Brooder maturation was induced through photothermal cycles. C. humboldtianum ova were fertilized in vitro. The eggs were incubated in reconstituted water (160-180 mg/L CaCO₃) at 18 °C and 5 gm of NaCl per litre. During the hatching day, 300 shortfin silversides were stocked and followed up until metamorphosis in order to establish the timing of exogenous feeding, changes in food type, growth and development during critical periods for survival, according to the theory of saltatory ontogeny. Free embryos hatched 12 days after fertilization at 18 °C. First critical point for survival is the beginning of exogenous feeding. Free embryos started mixed feeding on day four of post-hatching (dph), point of no-return was presented towards the end of mixed feeding on 6 dph, larval period began at six (dph) when the anus is opened, and metamorphosis to juvenile was presented at 65 dph with a SL of 19.34 ± 2.28 mm, when scales and fins were well developed. Differences in growth between periods were detected: free embryos growth slower than larvae but mouth size depicted a larger growth rate in the former. Cephalic length and mouth size were negatively related to standard length in embryos and larvae. Mouth size was positively related to cephalic length in free embryos but negative in larvae. Results suggest that during the free embryo phase, growth priorities are directed to the development of apparatuses and systems; whereas, during the larval period, energy is directed to growth in length, mouth size and development of fins, which allows them to increase their swimming velocity, grants them a greater capacity to obtain exogenous food and, in consequence, increases fitness for survival.     

魁蚶食性及摄食季节变化的初步研究

根据1990年10月～1991年9月在山东烟台近海采集的魁蚶样品观察和分析,结果表明,魁蚶的食物组成比较简单,以摄食植物性饵料为主,兼食浮游动物。主要种类有硅藻门的圃筛藻、舟形藻、菱形藻、曲舟藻、沟直链藻和粗纹藻以及浮游动物中的挠足类。除冬季外,魁蚶在其他季节均摄食。摄食的种类主要取决于自然海域中硅藻类等优势饵料生物种类的季节变化。     

Fish larvae: zooplankton relationships in microcosm simulations of earthen nursery ponds. II. brackish water system

A simulation of the effects of predation intensity on zooplankton composition in brackish water nursery ponds was carried out in order to address the problem that commercial fish nurseries encounter in obtaining enough zooplankton of adequate species composition and size when fish larvae start to feed. The experimental system consisted of twelve 130 l containers with treatments of four densities (0, 1, 2, or 4 larvae l⁻¹) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), stocked on the 6th day after filling the containers. Zooplankton-environment relationships were explored using factor analysis. Factor analysis allowed identifying several groups of zooplankters that responded in different ways to fish larvae predation pressure. The first factor represented a general measurement of rotifer abundance, and the second identified the direct effect of size-selective fish predation. Since no rotifers were present in the filling water, all these species were autochthonous populations that hatched from resting forms in the sediment and reproduced. In the absence of fish predation, this led to a steep rotifer increase. Fish predation started when the rotifer concentration was just starting to increase and their direct predation reduced and delayed the rotifer abundance peak. This effect increased with the increase in fish larvae density. Estimations of rotifer consumption by fish larvae in this experiment were higher than similar calculations from data of the literature, which led us to test the hypothesis that factors other than direct predation were affecting rotifer population dynamics. The mechanisms involved in rotifer population regulation are discussed. It was concluded that in commercial nurseries, increased larvae production can be achieved by keeping the larvae density at an intermediate level and stocking fish to match the increasing phase of the rotifer peak. Under reasonable larvae density (up to 2 l⁻¹) it seems that the direct predation effect of fish larvae on rotifer dynamics is minor, compared to fish induced self regulation.     

不同氮水平对生姜产量和品质及氮素吸收的影响

采用田间试验研究不同基础肥力土壤、不同氮肥水平对生姜产量和品质及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,氮肥对生姜根茎产量及品质有明显的影响,合理施氮能显著提高根茎产量,改善其营养及安全品质。两种不同基础肥力土壤下,生姜根茎产量均表现为随施氮量的加大先增加后降低,呈抛物线关系,所有处理中N450获得了最高根茎产量。品质分析结果显示,施用适量氮肥能明显提高生姜根茎蛋白质、维生素C、糖分和姜精油含量,有效控制硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量。其中,维生素C含量,基础肥力较高土壤以N225处理最高;肥力较低土壤N450处理达到高峰。粗蛋白含量,肥力较高土壤N225处理最高,N450最低;肥力较低土壤,随施氮量的增加,根茎粗蛋白含量相应提高,N600处理达最大值。糖分和姜精油含量,两种肥力土壤下分别是N600和N450处理最高。根茎硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加而升高,与氮肥用量呈极显著正相关。施用氮肥后生姜地上部茎、叶和地下根茎含氮量明显提高,氮素吸收量显著增多。     

长期不同氮肥施用量对潮土团聚体分布和真菌群落组成的影响

不同氮肥施用量显著改变团聚体分布、真菌群落组成及生物胶结物质的产生，但它们之间是否存在相关性尚不清楚。以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验（2005—2020年）为研究平台，其包含5个施氮水平：0（F0）、150 kg?hm-2（F1）、190 kg?hm-2（F2）、230 kg?hm-2（F3）和270 kg?hm-2（F4），研究了不同施氮量对土壤团聚体组成（>2 000 μm、2 000～250 μm、250～53 μm和<53 μm）的影响，以及团聚体组成与生物胶结物质（球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）及微生物生物量碳（MBC））和土壤真菌之间的相关关系。结果表明，土壤团聚体分布和真菌群落组成分为显著不同的3组，分别为F0、F1和F2以及F3和F4，其中，（1）F1和F2处理团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）最高，同时大于2 000 μm团聚体的质量比例显著增加，并与拟棘壳孢属（Pyrenochaetopsis）富集有关；（2）F1和F2、F3和F4处理均表现为2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加，而小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低，2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加主要与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白比值（EE-GRSP/T-GRSP）以及易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（EE-GRSP）显著正相关，而与亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）相对丰度显著负相关；小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低主要与被孢霉属（Mortierella）、白腐菌属（Phlebia）、黑孢壳属（Melanospora）、Fusicolla、柄孢壳属（Podospora）和亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）相对丰度显著正相关，而与EE-GRSP和/或支顶孢属（Acremonium）、柱霉属（Scytalidium）、外瓶霉属（Exophiala）、EE-GRSP/T-GRSP、MBC显著负相关。因此，土壤团聚体稳定性的变异程度受氮肥施用水平影响。本研究条件下，150 kg?hm-2和190 kg?hm-2施氮水平下的团聚体稳定性超过230 kg?hm-2和270 kg?hm-2施氮水平，与不同施氮量下真菌群落组成及其胶结物质变化显著相关。     

不同饲养方式养羊产肉对比试验

在获取营养物质相近的情况下， 采取舍饲， 补饲和放牧三种方式， 羊的增重产肉效果有明显不同， 这是由于运动和防寒耗能不同的原故。同时舍饲羊胴体干物质和脂肪含量较高， 胴体评分也好。因此， 舍饲育肥和补饲育肥是值得推广的饲养方式     

施肥量和施肥方式对人工混播草地产草量的影响

采用裂区试验设计探讨了施肥量和施肥方式两个因素对以苇状羊茅、多年生黑麦草为主的人工混播草地产草量的影响,结果表明:随着施肥量增加,鲜草产量明显提高,不同施肥量处理间产量差异达极显著水平(P<0.01);随着基肥比例的增大,追肥比例的减少,鲜草产量反而降低,不同基肥比例处理间产量差异也达极显著水平(P<0.01).另外,相同氮肥量条件下3种施用方式处理与相应的鲜草产量间都成直线关系(r5:5=0.9771**,r6:4=0.9630**,r7:3=0.9643**).