胡麻脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(fads)差异表达分析

为了了解fad基因在胡麻蒴果发育过程中对不饱和脂肪酸的调控,对高、中、低三个不同亚麻酸(C18:3)含量的胡麻品种(’CDC Gold’,‘内亚7号’,’Linola’)进行了不同时期的品质测定,以及脂肪酸去饱和酶2a基因(fad2a)、脂肪酸去饱和酶2b基因(fad2b)、脂肪酸去饱和酶2c基因(fad2c)、脂肪酸去饱和酶3a基因(fad3a)、脂肪酸去饱和酶3b基因(fad3b)的qRT-PCR定量分析。结果表明,随着蒴果成熟,可溶性糖含量呈降低趋势,粗脂肪与粗蛋白不断积累,且差异显著(p<0.05)。fad2a基因、fad3a基因以及fad3b基因在各个时期中的表达符合正态分布。以0 d的蒴果为对照,在胡麻种子形成过程中,‘内亚7号’的三个基因在5 d和15 d的表达量迅速增加,到30 d时急剧减少,15 d的fad2a基因表达量为5.23倍,fad3a基因表达量是fad2a基因表达量的14.52倍,fad3b基因的表达量是fad2a基因表达量的16.14倍,表明这三个基因参与不饱和脂肪酸积累过程。在低亚麻酸含量品种‘Linola’30 d中,fad3a基因是fad2a基因表达量的52.71倍,fad3b呈下调趋势;在高亚麻酸含量品种‘CDCGold’30d中,fad3a基因与fad2a基因的表达量均呈下调趋势,fad3b的表达量为3.92倍;在中等亚麻酸含量品种‘内亚7号’中,fad2a基因表达量降低了0.31倍,fad3a基因是fad3b基因表达量的1.87倍。fad2b基因、fad2c基因熔解曲线不稳定,峰值低,可以在后续试验中继续探索。     

纳米SiC沉积量对化学复合镀层耐磨性影响

采用单因素试验方法,分别研究了表面活性剂、施镀温度、镀液pH值、转子转速、镀液中纳米粉体浓度5个因素对纳米SiC在Ni-P基化学复合镀层中沉积量的影响规律。结果表明:同时添加阴离子和非离子做表面活性剂,镀液温度达到(90±1)℃,pH值为5±0.5,机械搅拌转子转速为60 r/min,镀液中纳米粉体的浓度为35g/L时,镀层中能够沉积更多纳米粒子;而镀液中纳米粉体浓度为4.5g/L时,复合镀层的相对耐磨性较好。该工艺可用于农业机械关键工作零件表面强化。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒草地不同生态位物种非结构性碳水化合物对氮添加的响应

为研究氮添加对不同生态位物种非结构性碳水化合物的影响。通过对黄土丘陵区典型撂荒草地进行3年的氮添加试验N0(0 g/(N·m²·a))、N3(3 g/(N·m²·a))、N6(6 g/(N·m²·a))和N9(9 g/(N·m²·a)),分析了不同生态位物种可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳含量。结果表明：氮添加主要影响占据较高生态位的白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)的非结构性碳水化合物的储存,而对铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)和杂草影响较小。N6和N9处理对白羊草和长芒草非结构性碳、可溶性糖和淀粉的储存表现出明显的促进作用,这种作用在地上部分表现尤为明显。同时,植物相对重要值与植物地下非结构性碳和淀粉含量显著正相关,而与地上可溶性糖含量和可溶性糖/淀粉显著负相关。研究结果有利于加强对氮沉降背景下不同生态位物种碳储存及分配特征的认识。     

降雨量对洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降通量及浓度的影响

为了探究洱海流域稻季氮磷湿沉降规律,于2016及2017年稻季在大理洱海流域收集湿沉降样品,分析样品中总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N等指标及其变化规律。结果表明,TN、TP湿沉降通量主要受降雨量支配,2016与2017年稻季单次降水TN、TP湿沉降通量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性正相关关系。TN、TP湿沉降浓度总体上随降雨量的增大而减小,同时与是否发生连续降雨及是否大规模施肥有关。以2017稻季氮素湿沉降为例,2017年稻季NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N湿沉降对TN的占比分别为53.1%和20.6%,湿沉降以NH_4~+-N为主。可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)对TN的占比随着降雨量的增大而减小,随着连续降雨的延续而增大。2016及2017年稻季湿沉降TN质量浓度分别为0.87~4.03和0.90~6.85 mg/L,均远大于湖泊富营养化阀值,对洱海水生生态系统产生不利影响。     

Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia

Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.     

Heavy Metal and Arsenic Profiles in Ombrogenous Peat Cores from Four Differently Loaded Areas in Finland

The concentrations and vertical distribution of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb and As were studied in four different ombrotrophic peat bogs with varying heavy metal loads at Hietajärvi, Outokumpu, Harjavalta and Alkkia in Finland. At each site a peat sample (15 cm × 15 cm × 100 cm) was taken using a Titanium Wardenaar corer, and the samples were cut into 5 cm slices. Dried and milled samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The mean concentrations of the elements were at their highest at Harjavalta (the most polluted area), apart from Cu which had the highest value at the Cu-treated site at Alkkia. Cu concentrations were above the lowest effective limit (LOEL) on all the plots except for the background plot at Hietajärvi. The maximum Cu values were reached in the topmost 20 cm layer, indicating the effects of mining and smelting activities. The highest Zn and Ni concentrations occurred in the 0–40 cm layer. At all sites, the maximum Pb concentrations were located between 10 and 50 cm. However, the Pb concentrations were higher at Alkkia and Harjavalta than at Outokumpu and Hietajärvi, indicating anthropogenic sources of Pb at the former sites. The As concentration was also the highest in the uppermost peat layers. The mean concentrations were markedly lower in the deeper layers (40–80 cm) than in the upper layers.     

Estimation of Deposition Velocities for 85Sr, 131I, 137Cs on Spinach,Radish and Beans Leaves in a Tropical Region Under Simulated Fallout Conditions

Poly dispersive aerosols of SrCl₂, NaI, CsCl having a size distribution of 2.33 m (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter, [AMAD]) with a geometric standard deviation of 1.83 m are used for the determination of deposition velocity for ⁸⁵Sr, ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs aerosols on tropical spinach (Spinicia olericia), radish (Raphanous sative) and beans (Phasolous valugeries) plant leaves. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed exposure chamber to simulate deposition under accidental releases of radioactivity in tropical environment. The rates of particles deposition are expressed as a function of plant surface area and of plant dry weight. The deposition velocities obtained are in the range of 10^–6 to 10^–7 m/s. These values differ significantly from those in temperate regions. The lower values for deposition velocities (v _g) for the tropical environment is attributed due to high humidity. Therefore, the deposition of suspended aerosols on leaf surfaces caused by impaction and Brownian diffusion becomes slower in tropical environment and resulted into lower value of deposition velocities.     

模拟氮沉降对白羊草地群落特征及其坡面流水动力特性的影响

大气氮沉降的增加可能会通过草地群落进而影响坡面流水动力特性。选取黄土高原典型地带性草本白羊草为研究对象,通过设置不同施氮处理（0,2.5,5,10 g/(m2·a),以N计,下同）模拟氮沉降,采用人工模拟降雨,探究土壤有效氮升高对白羊草群落季节变化及坡面流水动力特征的影响。结果表明,一定程度的施氮可有效增加白羊草盖度,促进藻结皮的生长,但会抑制苔藓结皮的发育。施氮使Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别降低了68.6%～71.5%和44.7%～47.4%;平均流速加快了32.0%～44.0%,径流深减小了25.1%～28.7%,同时,使径流剪切力和水流功率显著增加,过水断面单位能减少。随着季节变化,9月白羊草群落坡面Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别较6-8月显著增加了220.2%～496.9%和79.5%～139.4%,平均流速减缓了23.5%～29.7%,径流深增加了36.4%～66.9%,径流剪切力和水流功率均显著降低,过水断面单位能增加。降雨强度对坡面流特征也存在显著影响。随着降雨强度的增大,坡面流阻力减小,进而导致流速、径流深及水流功率增加。草地具有良好的调控坡面流的作用,然而大气氮沉降的增加可能会加剧草地群落坡面土壤侵蚀。     

静电喷粉颗粒沉积速度的实验研究

静电喷粉中荷质比和荷电颗粒的沉积速度是影响沉积效果的主要因素。介绍了根据静电喷粉的特点研制的群体荷电颗粒荷质比测量装置。应用激光多普勒测量仪（ＬＤＶ）在静电喷粉沉积模拟实验装置上测量了荷电颗粒在模拟目标物附近的运动速度,发现荷电颗粒在静电场力的作用下有向模拟目标物运动的趋势,静电场的明显作用范围在距离目标物０．０４ｍ左右;沉积模拟实验证实静电喷粉可以提高颗粒在模拟目标物尤其是其背面的沉积量。     

Geochemical fluxes in forested acidified catchments

The atmospheric deposition of some major components (e.g., NO₃-N 6.6 and 14.5; SO₄-S 17.8 and 42.4 kg ha^–1 a^–1) and trace elements (e.g., Cd 0.4 and 1.1, Cu < 1.9=" and=" 15,=" pb=" 43=" and=" 48=" g=">^–1 a^–1) in bulk and throughfall deposition respectively, shows a pronounced decline in recent measurements of total deposition in the eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). This is true for both bulk and throughfall deposition in 1992–1994 as compared to similar data from 1985–1989. The decline is a result of successful emission control strategies in central Europe and the shut down of plants and factories in the former GDR.The dry deposition at the highest (influenced by long-range transport) and the lowest station (local influences) shows distinct differences (e.g., Cd 0.6 and 0.3; Cu 17.4 and 7.3; Pb 13 and 31 ng m^–3). A comparison between total and dry deposition exhibits the different behavior of elements in respect to atmospheric concentrations and solubility in (rain)water. Anthropogenically released elements are mainly immited via wet deposition.