Investigations of dry matter and fat content in carp species smoked by hot and cold methods

In recent years the freshwater fish market has required more processed goods, as young consumers purchase ready-to-cook food products. In Middle European aquaculture systems carp are the main species. The appearance of new species (African catfish, trout, salmon), as well as the improved import possibilities of value-added fish products have introduced new challenges for fish farmers. In order to maintain the share of carps in fish sales, it is indispensable to develop up-to-date products that meet the needs of present generations. It is necessary to find processing methods that remove the fish bone and the off flavours occurring in Cyprinids. Smoking of carp has a strong tradition in the region, thus there are advantages to the development of smoked carp products, mainly in the form of boned fillets. The present study investigates two smoking methods aimed at ensuring basic information for product innovation. Analyses of the variation of weight, dry matter and lipid content during hot and cold smoking are presented for the case of three species: the common, silver, and grass carp. To determine the most acceptable products, the paper details the results of organoleptic tests, in which five characteristics (appearance, consistence, flavour, smell, and succulence) were investigated. Evaluation results indicate that the hot-smoked carp products are more acceptable, therefore it is hoped that these products, packed in a modified atmosphere, will achieve a strong market share in the near future.     

网络应用架构发展研究

文章提出了富因特网应用定义和特征,接着在研究应用开发模型的基础上,分析了不同时代程序的优缺点,进而着重阐明了RIA应用开发模型的实际意义和美好前景.     

黑龙江省野生大豆高异黄酮新种质创新利用研究Ⅱ异黄酮含量与大豆品质相关性的分析

通过对225份黑龙江省野生和栽培大豆资源的异黄酮、蛋白质和脂肪含量的检测,分析异黄酮含量和蛋白质及脂肪的相关性,结果表明大豆异黄酮含量与蛋白质含量呈显著的负相关;野生大豆脂肪含量与异黄酮含量呈显著的正相关;野生大豆的异黄酮G/D（染料木甙/大豆甙）平均值略高于栽培大豆的异黄酮G/D,异黄酮G/D比值最大值出现在栽培大豆样品中.     

日粮中添加脂肪对断奶至2月龄肉兔生产性能与生理指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加脂肪对断奶至2月龄肉兔生长发育、能量和蛋白利用、十二指肠酶活、血液生化指标及盲肠发酵的影响。选用112只断奶新西兰兔,随机分成7组,每组16只,分别饲喂添加不同种类(猪油、豆油)和水平(0%、2%、4%和6%)油脂的日粮。结果表明:日粮中添加油脂能显著提高肉兔日增重和饲料转化效率(P<0.05),添加4%油脂时平均日增重最高为29.33 g,料重比最低为3.31∶1;能量消化率和代谢率随油脂添加水平的提高而显著提高(P<0.05);氮沉积和可消化氮转化为沉积氮的效率随油脂添加水平的提高先增加后降低,以4%油脂添加量最高,分别为0.81 g/d和58.70%;添加油脂显著提高了十二指肠脂肪酶活性(P<0.05),4%添加量时酶活最高为224.01 IU/g;和添加豆油相比,添加猪油显著提高了血液总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量(P<0.05);添加油脂对盲肠pH、NH3-N浓度、挥发性脂肪酸中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸比例及乙丙酸比例影响不显著(P>0.05)。综合以上结果,断奶至2月龄肉兔脂肪的适宜添加量为4%。     

畜禽脂肪代谢的相关研究进展

通过论述畜禽体内脂肪的相关代谢分析及各项调控的影响因素，简要介绍畜禽脂肪代谢的相关研究进展。     

Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in the lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea

Invertebrates have been instrumental in understanding the mechanisms involved in infectious diseases, considering the idea to replace, reduce and refine the use of mammals as well as to understand the basic principles of immune response in insect. We evaluated the consequences of Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in the last instar nymphs of Nauphoeta cinerea injected with different concentrations of bacteria preserved in two culture media. Infected groups had a decrease in hemolymph metabolites (glucose, amino acids, total proteins, and cholesterol), in contrast to the proteins in the fat body. Higher concentrations of S. aureus caused permanent morphological alterations in adults, decrease in food consumption, increase in isolation, and increase in CFU until death of the cockroaches. Survival and protection of nymphs against a repeated and stronger challenge with the same bacteria varied according to the medium they were conserved. N. cinerea proves to be a suitable and promising model for studies related to bacterial infections.     

低温调控Bx-SCD促进松材线虫脂肪积累

为探究松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)低温胁迫条件下进入滞育状态的分子机理,应用Blast比对技术,在松材线虫基因组中鉴定得到秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)scd的同源基因,命名为Bx-SCD。应用PCR技术进行Bx-SCD完整蛋白编码区扩增,分析了低温胁迫下Bx-SCD表达量,并采用改良油红-O染色法测定低温胁迫后松材线虫脂肪相对积累率。结果表明:PCR扩增得到779 bp产物,Bx-SCD编码338个氨基酸,等电点为8.77,相对分子质量为39.532 78 ku。该蛋白属于质膜-脂肪酸去饱和酶域超家族蛋白,具有fa_desaturase结构域。低温胁迫下Bx-SCD表达量显著上调,同期松材线虫脂肪相对积累率显著上升。低温胁迫正向调控Bx-SCD基因表达,促进松材线虫脂肪积累,有助于松材线虫在低温胁迫条件下进入滞育状态并存活。     

A juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxifen, affects some biochemical components in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Endocrine system has a critical role during the developmental stages of insects by synthesis of several regulatory hormones. One of these hormones is juvenile hormone that several insecticides have been driven based on its biochemical structure e.g. pyriproxifen. Due to various disadvantages of fenitrothione spraying, this study was carried out finding the possible usage of pyriproxifen to control the destructive population of Eurygaster integriceps. After bioassay treatments to acquire the appropriate concentrations, the treatment repeated to find possible changes in the biochemical compounds of hemolymph and reserved macromolecules in fat bodies. Results showed significant discrepancies in amount of biochemical components of the hemolymph and the reserved macromolecules in E. integriceps after pyriproxifen treatment. In hemolymph, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase as enzymatic components and uric acid as non-enzymatic one increased but acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, trehalose and lipid showed adverse results. In fat bodies, the amount of all measured reserves including glycogen, lipid and protein decreased and showed significant differences. These kinds of changes have been supported by several studies due to using insecticides. These negative effects on overall physiology of the Sunn pest by depleting the essential compounds cause sensitivity to fungal infections and several shortages for normal development and reproduction of insect. Also, the adaptability of pyriproxifen to increase the effect of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, should be considered to initiate a new pest management program to decrease the production loss made by E. integriceps in wheat fields.     

Macronutrient modulation of mRNA and microRNA function in animals: A review

Dietary macronutrients have been regarded as a basic source of energy and amino acids that are necessary for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, metabolic programming as well as protein synthesis. Due to the emergence of “nutrigenomics”, a unique discipline that combines nutritional and omics technologies to study the impacts of nutrition on genomics, it is increasingly evident that macronutrients also have a significant role in the gene expression regulation. Gene expression is a complex phenomenon controlled by several signaling pathways and could be influenced by a wide variety of environmental and physiological factors. Dietary macronutrients are the most important environmental factor influencing the expression of both genes and microRNAs (miRNA). miRNA are tiny molecules of 18 to 22 nucleotides long that regulate the expression of genes. Therefore, dietary macronutrients can influence the expression of genes in both direct and indirect manners. Recent advancements in the state-of-the-art technologies regarding molecular genetics, such as next-generation sequencing, quantitative PCR array, and microarray, allowed us to investigate the occurrence of genome-wide changes in the expression of genes in relation to augmented or reduced dietary macronutrient intake. The purpose of this review is to accumulate the current knowledge focusing on macronutrient mediated changes in the gene function. This review will discuss the impact of altered dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake on the expression of coding genes and their functions. In addition, it will also summarize the regulation of miRNA, both cellular and extracellular miRNA, expression modulated by dietary macronutrients.