PHB剂量和饲喂时间对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺酶活力和肠道菌群多样性的影响

在配合饲料中添加不同剂量聚β-羟基丁酸酯(Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)(0%、3%、5%和10%PHB)并饲喂不同时长(1 d、6 d、15 d和21 d),研究PHB对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹肝胰腺生化组成、酶活力和肠道菌群多样性的影响。结果表明,PHB对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺粗蛋白、粗脂肪、可溶性蛋白含量、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和各种消化酶活力,以及肠道菌群多样性均产生一定影响,并且这种影响与饲料中PHB水平和饲喂时间有关。与对照组相比,投喂第1天,10%PHB使T-SOD、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力显著提高(P0.05),5%和10%PHB使肠道菌群丰富度指数(Rr)显著提高(P0.05)。投喂第6天,10%PHB使淀粉酶活力显著降低(P0.05),3%和5%PHB使脂肪酶活力显著降低(P0.05),所有剂量PHB的添加均使Rr显著升高(P0.05)。投喂第15天,10%PHB使T-SOD降低(P0.05),5%和10%PHB使脂肪酶活力显著提高(P0.05),所有剂量PHB的添加使淀粉酶活力显著降低(P0.05),使Rr显著升高(P0.05)。投喂第21天,所有剂量PHB的添加使T-SOD、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活力显著降低(P0.05),而且降低幅度随PHB添加量增加而加大;10%PHB添加显著降低Rr(P0.05),3%和5%PHB添加对Rr无显著影响(P0.05)。因此,饲料中PHB剂量较低时,可饲喂较长时间;PHB剂量较高时,应适当缩短饲喂时间。     

17β-雌二醇诱导黄颡鱼雌性化的研究

该研究通过对17β-雌二醇(E2)的投喂方式和投喂时间进行比较,探索了XY全雄黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)的雌性化方法,进而建立3个家系(XY♀×XY♂),结合性别分子标记对黄颡鱼雌性化诱导的成活率和性逆转率进行了对比研究。结果显示,卤虫(Artemia sp.)组从开口第1天进行诱导的性逆转率为75.20%,而从开口第5天进行诱导得不到发育好的雌性;从开口第1天投喂激素,饲料组的成活率与卤虫组无显著差异(P>0.05),而性逆转率显著高于卤虫组(P<0.05);分子标记Y1和Y2相结合能够准确鉴定黄颡鱼的遗传性别;对照组中3个家系的成活率和各个基因型性别比例均无显著差异(P>0.05),成活率为51.00%~56.67%,XX雌性占比为90.91%~97.44%,XY雄性占比为94.56%~95.96%,而YY则为雄性;诱导组中3个家系的成活率和性逆转率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,采用含50 mg·kg-1 E2的微颗粒饲料从开口第1天开始诱导30 d,并运用遗传性别与表型性别鉴定相结合的方法能够有效筛选获得发育良好的XY/YY雌性黄颡鱼。     

β-氨基丁酸诱导水稻稻瘟病抗性的初步探讨

研究结果表明:β-氨基丁酸对水稻稻瘟病的最佳诱导浓度配比为浸种浓度1%,喷雾浓度为1 000μg/mL的组合,如果用单一方法,其浸种和喷雾最佳浓度分别为1%和1 000μg/mL。而且β-氨基丁酸的诱导效果因品种不同而存在差异,抗性越差其效果越好。     

Effect of β-Glucan Stabilized Virgin Coconut Oil Nanoemulsion on Properties of Croaker Surimi Gel

Effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) nanoemulsion stabilized by β-glucan and β-glucan solution at final β-glucan levels of 5–20% (based on solid weight of surimi) on croaker surimi gel were comparatively studied. Increases in breaking force, deformation, and fracture constant were found in surimi gel containing VCO nanoemulsion stabilized by 5% β-glucan, whereas a decrease in all properties was observed as the level of β-glucan in nanoemulsion increased. The addition of β-glucan solutions led to continuous decrease in breaking force, deformation, and fracture constant, compared to the control. Addition of both β-glucan stabilized nanoemulsion and β-glucan solutions resulted in decrease in viscoelastic moduli. Power law model represented viscoelastic behavior of all the gels. Expressible moisture content decreased, while whiteness increased with the addition of β-glucan-stabilized nanoemulsion, compared with gel containing VCO. However, both expressible moisture content and whiteness increased with the addition of β-glucan solutions, at all levels used. Addition of β-glucan-stabilized nanoemulsion resulted in finer gels compared to the control gel added with only VCO. Generally, overall likeness score increased for gel containing VCO nanoemulsion stabilized by 5% β-glucan. The surimi gel containing both medium chain fatty acids and β-glucan, functional ingredients, could be developed as a new product.     

水稻中超氧诱导与稻瘟菌抗性及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁酶β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性诱导的关系

19个水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种和8个稻瘟菌生理小种,或它们菌丝代谢产物(RBHM)组成的亲和与非亲和组合, 及一些品种和稻瘟菌生理小种间交叉组合的实验结果表明,在非亲和组合中的水稻品种都有超氧(O₂^-)产率的诱导升高。 毛地黄皂苷诱导O₂^-产率增高同时,也使稻苗对原亲和病原表现出抗性。二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸(DDTC)对超氧歧化酶(SOD)活性近乎完全抑制时,能使O₂^-产率猛增;N- 乙烯马来酰亚胺(NEM)近乎完全清除O₂^-时,也可增加SOD活性。 放线菌素D和环己亚胺处理后能抑制SOD活性,而使O₂^-产率明显增高。除了抗病时苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL) 活性诱导比感病时增长较强或较早外,无论用RBHM也好,毛地黄皂苷、DDTC、NEM也好,PAL活性都会增加。但它们都不能诱导几丁酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性升高。这样,PAL活性的诱导似乎并不是水稻对病原攻击一种特异的反应。几丁酶、β-1,3- 葡聚糖酶活性诱导升高未必与O₂^-产率相关,而且诱导它们表达的信号传导与PAL也可能是不相同的。     

Baicalin attenuates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1/TAK-NF-κB signaling pathway in chronic pancreatitis mice

AIM: To explore the role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in chronic pancreatitis (CP) mice and the effect of baicalin on pancreatic fibrosis in the mice. METHODS: Kunming mice (n=58) were randomly divided into 3 groups, including control group, CP group and baicalin group. The mice in CP group and baicalin group were intraperitoneally injected with 20% L-arginine. After 2 weeks of CP, the mice in baicalin group were intraperitoneally injected with baicalin (100 mg/kg, once a day). At 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after modeling, the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed. The morphological changes of the pancreas were observed by HE and Masson staining. The serum level of TGF-β1 was analyzed by ELISA. The expression of fibronectin (FN) and NF-κB in the pancreas was observed by immunohistochemistry staining. The protein levels of transforming growth factor-β receptor type Ⅰ (TGF-βRⅠ), phosphorylated TAK1 (p-TAK1) and NF-κB in the pancreas were determined by Western blot. The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) was detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS: At 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of L-arginine, the pancreatic tissues were obviously injured and exhibited different degrees of fibrosis, and FN expression was significantly increased. After treatment with baicalin, the degrees of pancreatic injury and fibrosis were significantly attenuated and the expression of FN was reduced (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the protein levels of TGF-β1, TGF-βRⅠ, p-TAK1, NF-κB and TIMP-1 in the pancreas of CP group were significantly increased, and the expression of MMP-1 was decreased at each time point. In baicalin group, the protein levels of TGF-β1, TGF-βRⅠ, p-TAK1, NF-κB and TIMP-1 were significantly decreased, and the expression of MMP-1 was markedly increased at the corresponding time points compared with CP group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Baicalin effectively atte-nuates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of TGF-β1/TAK-NF-κB signaling pathway and regulating the balance of MMP-1/TIMP-1.     

Effects of Coriaria sinica Maxim’s extract on burn wound healing and scar hyperplasia in rats based on ILK signaling pathway

AIM: To explore the mechanism of Coriaria sinica Maxim’s extract (CSME) promoting burn wound healing in the early stage and inhibiting excessive scar hyperplasia in the later stage, based on the signaling pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) regulated by integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and ILK regulated by PI3K/AKT. METHODS: Female SD rats (n=180; 180~200 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control (NC) group, vaseline (VL) group, silver sulfadiazine (SS) group and low-, medium- and high-dose of CSME (CSME-L, CSME-M and CSME-H) groups, with 30 rats in each group. Except for the rats in NC group, VL, SS, and 3 doses of CSME were applied to the wound surface of the rats in the corresponding groups every day after II° burn model was made on their waist-back in the condition of chloral hydrate anesthesia. To calculate the healing rate (HR), 10 rats in each experimental group were randomly selected to remove their wound skin for observing the pathologic change, detecting the expression of related proteins by Western blot and RT-qPCR, and checking the collagen shrinkage (SK) by fibroblast culture at the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. RESULTS: The expression of ILK, fibronectin (FN), TGF-β₁, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and integrin-β₁ (ITG-β₁) at protein and mRNA levels in wound skin of CSME groups was stronger than that in VL group and SS group at the 7th day in a dose-dependent manner, but weaker than that in VL group and SS group at the 21st day (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein and mRNA expression of collagen type I (Col I) in CSME groups was stronger than that in VL group and SS group from the 7th day to the 14th day, but weaker than that in VL group and SS group at the 21st day in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). However, the protein and mRNA expression of collagen type III (Col III) in CSME groups was weaker than that in VL group and SS group from the 7th day to the 14th day, but stronger than that in VL group and SS group at the 21st day in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The SK of fibroblasts in VL group and SS group was increased continuously over time and reached its peak at 96 h. SK in CSME groups was only higher than that in VL group and SS group at 24 h and 48 h in a dose-dependent manner, but lower than that in VL group and SS group at 96 h (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CSME promotes burn wound healing in the early stages and inhibits the scar hyperplasia in the later stages. The mechanisms may be related to its multicomponents or multiple-targets to intervene in the signaling pathways such as TGF-β₁ regulated by ILK and ILK regulated by PI3K/AKT. It may also be related to the ratio of Col I and Col III expression.     

松节油中主要单萜烯的异构方法综述

综述了比较常用的α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯的异构方法.α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯是松节油中含量较高的3种单萜烯烃,这3种单萜烯都可以在加热或者催化剂存在下,尤其是二者的共同作用下发生异构转化,生成苧烯、莰烯、月桂烯、对伞花烃等烯烃类化合物,可以作为原料或中间体而被进一步利用.     

β-葡聚糖的免疫增强作用机理研究进展

β-葡聚糖具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗感染等多种生物活性和功能。β-葡聚糖作为非特异性的免疫调节剂，不仅能激活免疫细胞，还能促进细胞因子生成，激活补体系统，促进抗体产生，对免疫系统发挥多方面的调节作用。作者将对β-葡聚糖免疫增强的分子机理的研究进展作一概述。近年来从分子水平研究结果表明，多糖通过与巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞表面多糖受体相结合，影响细胞的信息传递过程，从而影响这类细胞基因表达和淋巴细胞功能，调节机体免疫功能，淋巴细胞的多种功能均与细胞内cAMP和cGMP的含量及其比值变化有关。研究结果显示，β-葡聚糖具有调节细胞内cAMP和cGMP水平的功能。 另外，β-葡聚糖对免疫细胞NO生成具有明显的促进作用，并与干扰素具有协同促进作用，多糖可影响淋巴细胞前列腺素的分泌，调节免疫功能。阐明多糖的免疫学机理有助于开发新型免疫增强制剂。     

Factors affecting disease manifestation of toxocarosis in humans: Genetics and environment

Toxocara canis is regarded as the main cause of human toxocarosis but the relative contribution of T. cati is probably underestimated; serological and other diagnostic methods used in most studies of this zoonotic disease do not distinguish between the two parasites. The definitive hosts for T. canis are caniidae. Pups generally have higher infection rates than adult animals and are a major source of eggs in the environment. Humans usually acquire T. canis infection by accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs or encapsulated larvae from the environment or contaminated food, such infections may lead to visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM) or covert toxocarosis (CT). Although a mixed Th1- and Th2-mediated immunological response, particularly with high levels of IgE and eosinophilia is observed, the underlying mechanisms of molecular and immunopathogenesis for the development of the symptomatic syndromes of VLM, OLM, or of asymptomatic CT are largely unclear. Studies have indicated that immunological defences against various infectious diseases may be highly influenced by complex interactions of environmental and host genetic factors e.g. MHC class I and II, also known as human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Toxocara spp. infections are associated with a polarized CD4⁺ Th2 response with high IgE levels and eosinophilia, mediated mainly by HLA class II molecules. Associations have been made between HLA class II and pathological severity and host genetic effects on exposure to infection. Recent research suggests Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺CD25⁺-expressing T regulatory (Treg) cells play a role in regulation of the immunopathology of granulomas in experimental toxocaral granulomatous hepatitis and in enhanced expression of TGF-β1, which is an important factor for the local survival and function of Treg observed during T. canis invasion in the mouse small intestine, liver, muscle, and brain. Since the potential susceptibility loci HLA class II molecules, are considered involved in the regulation of a Th2-dominant immunity which is highly controlled by Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg cells by stimulation through TGF-β1, which thus provides a beneficial environment to T. canis larvae but severe injuries to local organs. However, TGF-β1 variant Leu10Pro known to be involved in disease severity warrants further elucidation as this too may have a role in the severity of human toxocarosis. Exploration of TGF-β1 polymorphism, Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺CD25⁺ Treg cells, and MHC polymorphisms may allow insight into the contribution made by environmental and genetic factors in influencing disease syndrome type and severity in humans with toxocarosis.