动物诊疗机构人用药品使用现象分析及建议

随着社会经济水平日益提升,越来越多的人饲养宠物作为伴侣,与此同时宠物诊疗机构如春笋般蓬勃发展。然而其在发展中存在诸多问题,尤以使用人用药品问题最为突出。论文从药品使用现状、原因、管理等方面,对动物诊疗机构人用药品使用现象进行分析并提出一些建议,旨在进一步规范动物诊疗机构临床用药,使其良性发展。     

Of mice and men: olfactory neuroblastoma among animals and humans

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare tumour of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that arises from the olfactory neuroepithelium and has unpredictable clinical course. As the sense of smell is phylogenetically one of the first senses and olfactory neuroepithelium is evolutionary conserved with striking similarities among different species, we performed an extensive analysis of the literature in order to evaluate the similarities and differences between animals and humans on the clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and molecular level. Our analysis revealed that ONB was reported mainly in mammals and showed striking similarities to human ONB. These observations provide rationale for introduction of therapy modalities used in humans into the veterinary medicine. Animal models of neuroblastoma should be considered for the preclinical studies evaluating novel therapies for ONB.     

水产品收购价格预测的时序组合模型研究

我国水产品市场已经出现了区域性、结构性的供大于求及价格持续下降的现象。为此，对水产品价格进行预测是必要的。以1978～1999年数据为样本，利用时序组合模型对2000年的水产品收购价格进行了预测研究。     

采用改进CNN对生猪异常状态声音识别

猪只声音能够体现出其生长状态,该研究针对人工监测猪只声音造成的猪只疾病误判以及耗时耗力等问题,研究基于卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network,CNN）的生猪异常状态声音识别方法。该研究首先设计猪只声音实时采集系统,并利用4G通讯技术将声音信息上传至云服务器,基于专业人员指导制作猪只异常声音（生病、打架、饥饿等）数据集,提取猪只异常声音的梅尔谱图特征信息;其次引入多种注意力机制对CNN进行改进,并对CBAM（Convolutional Block Attention Module）注意力机制进行优化,提出_CBAM-CNN网络模型;最后将_CBAM-CNN网络模型分别与引入SE_NET（Squeeze and Excitation Network）、ECA_NET（Efficient Channel Attention Networks）和CBAM注意力机制的CNN神经网络进行对比,试验结果表明该文提出的_CBAM-CNN网络模型在最优参数为128维梅尔频率、2 048点FFT（Fast Fourier Transform）点数、512点窗移下的梅尔谱图特征下相较于其他模型对猪只异常声音识别效果最佳,识别率达到94.46%,验证了算法的有效性。该研究有助于生猪养殖过程中对猪只异常行为的监测,并对智能化、现代化猪场的建设具有重要意义。     

植物根系对土壤团聚体形成作用机制研究回顾

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤水力侵蚀的微观描述即为土壤团聚体的破裂过程。研究表明:植物根系可以改变土壤的力学以及水文特征,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。因此,对近20年国内外的相关研究成果进行较为系统的回顾,从根系对土壤团聚体的物理、生物、电化学作用3个研究视角,分析了植物根系对土壤团聚体形成的作用机制,提出了现有研究中存在的问题及研究趋势,这对深入认识植物根系对土壤团聚体的影响及其作用机制、发展根-土相互作用的土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。     

恩诺沙星对小型模型水生态系统中底泥微生物的影响

兽药在环境中的行为及其生态效应已成为目前生态毒理学研究的热点之一。恩诺沙星是畜禽养殖业中广泛应用的抗菌药物,它可随畜禽排泄物进入环境,对环境生物产生影响。为对恩诺沙星的生态安全评价提供依据,利用小型模型水生态系统研究了恩诺沙星在其中的降解及其对底泥微生物数量的影响,于室外大棚以自然发生法构建了小型模型水生态系统（水生微宇宙）,培育2个月待其稳定后用于试验研究。试验设恩诺沙星0．02、0．05、O．1、0．2和0．5mg·L^-1 5个浓度系列,1个空白对照。结果表明,试验初期恩诺沙星在模型水生生态系统中的消失速度很快,随时间推移消失速度逐步减慢,并且在低浓度时维持较长的时间;初始浓度越高,恩诺沙星在低浓度时维持的时间越久。在试验浓度范围内,恩诺沙星对淤泥中的好氧细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌的数量均无显著影响。     

Landscape,Soil, and Plant Analysis of Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) Invasion in the Piedmont Region,SC

Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), an exotic invasive plant, is native to Southeast Asia. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Japanese stiltgrass as well as soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Japanese stiltgrass around Lake Issaqueena in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) were used to determine the spatial pattern of invasion with respect to the aspect, slope, canopy cover, soils, and distance to roads and trails. Japanese stiltgrass was distributed on both sides of Lake Issaqueena in Pacolet and Madison soil map units (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) on the average slopes of 21%, but it was particularly common on the eastern shore of the lake in low-lying wet and shaded areas (mean canopy cover 51%). In addition, invasion by Japanese stiltgrass was correlated with the proximity to roads and trails. Plant tissue analysis revealed many differences in the distribution of macronutrients, macrominerals, and micronutrients in the leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese stiltgrass, although those differences were not always statistically significant. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were the highest in leaves while zinc (Zn) concentrations were the highest in stems and concentrations of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and sodium (Na) tended to be higher in roots. Carbon (C), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) concentrations were generally higher in above-ground tissues versus roots. Soil chemical analysis revealed no statistical differences between control and invaded plots. Our findings suggest that watershed areas surrounding lakes may be particularly susceptible to the invasion of Japanese stiltgrass due to their microclimates, low-lying wet pathways for seed distribution and recreational uses.     

自然水体中超声波标记鱼游动轨迹精密确定算法

针对鱼类关键生境位置确定的应用需求,该文提出了一套适用于自然水体的超声波标记鱼定位算法,解决了标记鱼定位以及存在粗差观测值,即水听器记录的超声波信号接收时间存在错误情况下算法的抗干扰性。宜昌黄柏河的实测结果表明,基于现有1 ms级精度的水听器,可在自然水体中获得2.15 m精度的信号标记鱼三维游动轨迹。如因气泡、遮挡等因素对水听器观测数据引入粗差,当粗差量级在10 m以上,该方法可接近100%探测出是否存在粗差。当粗差观测值在3个以内时,该方法的探测成功率可达84.3%以上,3个以上时粗差探测成功率明显下降,5个及以上,即粗差观测值个数占观测值总数的比例大于31.25%时,基本只能探测出观测数据中存在粗差而无法有效确定粗差。该研究可为渔业增殖、鱼类栖息地保护、鱼类洄游通道等研究提供参考。