Blood thiamine levels in clinically normal goats and goats with suspected polioencephalomalacia

Abstract

AIMS: To identify and describe culture and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in bacteria isolated from canine urinary samples submitted to a New Zealand veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

METHODS: Records from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory were examined for bacterial isolates cultured from canine urine samples between January 2005 and December 2012. Culture and susceptibility results were compiled with information on the age, sex and breed of dog. Repeat submissions were removed. Susceptibility was assessed using results of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, for a standard panel including amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), cefovecin (from 2010–2012), cephalothin, clindamycin, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphonamide (TMS).

RESULTS: A total of 5,786 urine samples were submitted for analysis, and 3,135 bacterial isolates were cultured from 2,184 samples. Of these 3,135 isolates, 1,104 (35.2%) were Escherichia coli, 442 (14.1%) were Staphylococcus spp., 357 (11.4%) Proteus mirabilis and 276 (8.8%) were Enterococcus spp. The frequency of culture-positive samples increased with increasing age in both female and male dogs (p<0.001). The percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to AMC and cephalothin increased between 2005 and 2012 (p<0.001), as did resistance to enrofloxacin (p=0.022), but there was no change in resistance to TMS (p=0.696). Enrofloxacin was the antimicrobial with the least resistance shown by the four most common bacteria isolated during the course of the study.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study provide important regional information regarding the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility patterns. There was an increase in resistance to some commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Having access to regional antimicrobial susceptibility results is crucial when forming guidelines for the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections. Given changes in practising habits and antimicrobial usage over time, ongoing monitoring and surveillance of resistance in pathogens is needed.     

粗糙型布鲁菌M111菌壳的制备

将含有裂解酶基因重组温控裂解质粒pBBR1MCS：：PR-PL-E电转化至粗糙型布鲁菌M111中,构建重组布鲁菌M111（pBBRlMCS：：PR-PL-E）。重组菌株在28℃培养,42℃诱导表达裂解酶E,从而制备布鲁菌菌壳。绘制布鲁菌生长曲线及裂解曲线,计算裂解率并用透射电镜观察布鲁菌菌壳的形态。结果显示,成功制备了布鲁菌菌壳,温控裂解质粒pBBRIMCS：：PR-PL-E对布鲁菌的裂解率为100％。透射电镜观察可见细菌内容物部分流出,细菌表面出现不同程度的皱缩,细胞形态发生变化。结果表明,本试验成功制备了粗糙型布鲁菌菌壳,初步研究了其基本特性,为下-步开展布鲁菌菌壳疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

濒危植物缙云卫矛细胞色素氧化酶的同工酶变异

采用丙烯酰胺琼脂电泳技术,对重庆北碚缙云山麓特产缙云矛３个居群的３６个个体功能叶片细胞色素氧化酶的同工酶谱带进行了测定,并进行编码,然后采用Ｓｏｋａｌ－Ｓｎｅａｔｈ结合系数的组平均法（ＵＰＧＭＡ）和Ｓｏｋａｌ－Ｍｉｃｈｅｎｅｒ结合系数的加权平均法（ＷＰＧＭＡ）对各酶谱带进行聚类分析;同时结合遗传杂合度（Ｈｅ）、遗传相似性系数（Ｉ）、遗传距离（Ｄ）进行遗传分析。结果表明,来自同一居群的个体,不但同工     

Comparison of dietary essential amino acid requirements determined from group‐housed versus individually‐housed juvenile bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus

Two 60‐day experiments were conducted sequentially to determine (i) lysine requirement of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus based on the dose–response method, (ii) requirements for other essential amino acids (EAAs) using whole‐body amino acid profile and (iii) whether differences in growth rates of group‐housed versus individually‐housed bluegills lead to different lysine requirement levels because of the presence and absence, respectively, of social hierarchies. Seven, semi‐purified, experimental diets (isonitrogenous, isocaloric) were prepared to contain graded levels of digestible lysine (10–31 g kg⁻¹). Experiment‐1 involved group‐housed bluegills (approximately 27 g, n = 10 fish/chamber, 4 chambers/diet) whereas experiment‐2 involved individually‐housed bluegills (approximately 30 g, n = 1 fish/chamber, 14 chambers/diet). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. Bluegill growth responses in both experiments generally improved (P < 0.05, anova ) with increasing dietary lysine levels from 10 to 16 g kg⁻¹, and then levelled off with further increase in lysine level (P > 0.05). Optimal dietary lysine level (digestible basis) was estimated to be 15 g kg⁻¹ based on broken‐line regression analyses of relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio with no differences being observed between the two rearing methods. Determined dietary requirement levels for other EAAs ranged from 2.4 g kg⁻¹ (tryptophan) to 15.3 g kg⁻¹ (leucine).     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基1Dx5基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

为了给小麦优质亚基研究奠定基础,将高分子量谷蛋白亚基1Dx5基因的核苷酸序列与载体pRSET A重组,将构建好的质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS菌株,通过IPTG使其得到了成功表达.大肠杆菌中表达的1Dx5亚基在SDS-PAGE上与小麦品种钱尼中的1Dx5亚基具有相似的迁移率.用Western blot技术成功检测到了目的基因产物.通过改变IPTG浓度、诱导时间、培养基成分及初始菌液浓度研究了最适表达条件.结果表明,最适表达条件为:LB培养基,菌液初始浓度(OD600)0.4～0.6,IPTG浓度0.4mmol/L,诱导时间为3～5 h.     

急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和内分泌激素水平的影响

为探究急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响,将斜带石斑鱼幼鱼从盐度30(对照组)的水体直接转移至盐度0、5、10、20的水体中,于2 h、6 h、12 h、48 h和72 h检测幼鱼血清中的钠离子(Na~+)、钾离子(K~+)、氯离子(Cl~-)浓度和生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、皮质醇(COR)水平的变化,并记录幼鱼存活情况。结果显示,血清Na~+和Cl~-浓度随盐度增加显著上升(P0.05)。盐度0组和对照组血清Na~+浓度随实验时间变化不大,较稳定(P0.05);而盐度5和盐度10组血清Na~+浓度在6 h降低,随后升高并保持稳定(P0.05);盐度20组血清Na~+浓度随时间的延长出现显著波动(P0.05)。随时间延长Cl~-浓度在盐度0组呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),在盐度5、10和20组和对照组变化不明显(P0.05)。K~+浓度在盐度0组显著高于其它组(P0.05)。随时间延长K~+浓度在盐度0组先升后降(P0.05),而在盐度5、10和20组以及对照组则先降后升(P0.05)。GH水平在盐度20和对照组显著高于其它3组(P0.05)。随时间延长GH水平在盐度0、5和10组呈先下降至6 h处达到最低点,而后上升的趋势(P0.05),而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。PRL在各试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长各试验组血清PRL水平先下降后上升至12 h达到最大值后又下降(P0.05),最后趋于稳定。COR水平在盐度0、5和10组显著高于盐度20和对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0、5和10组的变化规律与PRL水平类似,而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0组幼鱼死亡率逐渐升高,72 h内全部死亡;盐度5组幼鱼在实验期间仅有极少数死亡,而其它组幼鱼无死亡情况,这表明斜带石斑鱼幼鱼能够适应在盐度低至5的急性胁迫下存活,但在淡水急性胁迫条件下不能长时间存活。     

鞍带石斑鱼仔稚（幼）鱼的发育和生长研究

对鞍带石斑鱼的仔稚幼鱼形态发育的各个阶段进行了观察与研究,详细描述从初孵仔鱼到幼鱼各个发育时期的形态特征和发育时间。根据卵黄囊的变化,长鳍棘的长出与收缩,鳞片和体色斑纹的出现,鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育可以划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。仔鱼期又可分为卵黄囊期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。水温27～30℃,盐度27～31,pH值8.0～8.4的海水中培育,初孵仔鱼至孵化后2日龄为卵黄囊期仔鱼。2日龄仔鱼开口,3日龄至20日龄为后期仔鱼,22日龄至30日龄为稚鱼期,31日龄进入幼鱼期。鞍带石斑鱼胚后发育过程中最明显的变化是背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长和收缩,也是生产育苗当中比较关键的仔稚幼鱼变态过程。     

温度变化对七带石斑鱼早期发育及开口摄食的影响

观察比较了9个温度梯度(13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27、29℃)对七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)受精卵孵化时间、孵化率和畸形率的影响。用在(21±0.5)℃条件下孵出的健康仔鱼进行耐饥饿和摄食实验,实验温度处理设两种方式:一、处理温度始终保持不变;二、将温度在处理48 h后统一调节至21℃。实验期间,每天统计仔鱼死亡数,测定不投饵条件下的存活指数(SAI),并观察仔鱼投饵后的开口摄食情况及其形态发育状况。结果表明:1)受精卵孵化的最适温度范围为17~23℃,当温度低于13℃或高于27℃时,受精卵不能孵化。21℃时,受精卵孵化率最高,为(93.67±1.52)%;而畸形率最低,为(1.06±1.06)%。当温度低于或高于21℃时其孵化率降低,而畸形率升高;2)在13~28℃范围内,初孵仔鱼的SAI值随着温度的上升先升高后逐渐降低,21℃时的SAI值最高,为(20.26±0.44)%。各组温度保持不变时,13℃和27℃的SAI值分别为(2.18±0.01)%、(8.47±0.28)%;调整一致后分别为(6.90±0.44)%、(13.30±0.31)%。温度调节组与不调节组相比,其SAI值明显提高。温度调节后,每个梯度组的畸形率也出现了不同程度的降低;3)不同温度处理的仔鱼开口摄食存在差异。21℃时,仔鱼的初始摄食率和饱食率分别可达80.0%和40.0%。随着温度偏离21℃,摄食率和饱食率均逐渐降低。温度调节恢复组的仔鱼摄食情况改善明显,其中17℃不变和恢复组对比变化最为明显:当保持17℃不变时仔鱼的摄食率和饱食率分别为20.0%、13.3%,而处理48 h后恢复到21℃后,两者分别提高到66.7%和33.3%,分别提高了2.3和1.5倍。     

The importance of dietary HUFA for meagre larvae (Argyrosomus regius; Asso, 1801) and its relation with antioxidant vitamins E and C

Despite the interest of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) as a fast‐growing candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture diversification, there is a lack of information on nutrition along larval development. Importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and the antioxidant vitamins E and vitamin C has not been investigated yet in this species. Six diets with two levels of HUFA (0.4% and 3% dw), two of vitamin E (1500 and 3000 mg kg^?1) and two of vitamin C (1800 and 3600 mg kg^?1) were fed to 15 dah meagre larvae. Larval growth in total length and dry body weight was significantly lowest in larvae fed diet 0.4/150/180 and showed few lipid droplets in enterocytes and hepatocytes and lower HUFA contents than the initial larvae. Increase in dietary HUFA up to 3%, significantly improved larval growth and lipid absorption and deposition. Besides, among fish fed 3% HUFA, increase in vitamin E and vitamin C significantly improved body weight, as well as total lipid, 22:6n‐3 and n‐3 fatty acids contents in the larvae. Thus, the results showed that 0.4% dietary HUFA is not enough to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of larval meagre and a high HUFA requirement in weaning diets is foreseen for this species. Besides, the results also pointed out the importance of dietary vitamin E and C to protect these essential fatty acids from oxidation, increase their contents in the larvae and promote growth, suggesting high vitamin E and C requirements in meagre larvae (higher than 1500 and 1800 mg kg^?1 for vitamin E and vitamin C respectively).     

盐生植物盐穗木HcPS_H基因大肠杆菌表达载体的构建

[目的]构建盐穗木HcPS_H基因的大肠杆菌表达载体。[方法]以质粒pGEM-T-HcPS_H为模板,HcPS_H-pET28a-F、HcPS_H-pET28a-R为引物进行PCR扩增,获得两端含酶切位点的HcPS_H基因目的片段。将该目的片段与大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28a通过T4DNA连接酶连接,并转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α,得到重组子克隆,抽质粒进行测序鉴定。[结果]扩增出HcPS_H基因片段长度为441 bp,将其连接到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28a上后,得到重组子质粒,经PCR检测、双酶切验证及测序鉴定,表明成功构建原核表达载体。[结论]该研究成功构建了盐穗木HcPS_H基因的大肠杆菌表达载体,为进一步进行该基因功能的研究奠定了基础。