烘烤温湿度变化对不同烤烟品种烟叶膜脂过氧化作用的影响

以云烟85、K326、红花大金元(HD)3个烤烟品种为供试材料,研究了不同烤烟品种烘烤过程中温湿度变化及烟叶脱水速率对烟叶膜脂过氧化作用的影响.结果表明:烟叶含水率的变化与烤房相对湿度的下降幅度密切相关;红花大金元烟叶对烤房温湿度的变化比云烟85、K326烟叶更为敏感,脱水速率更快;烟叶脱水速率过快是导致剧烈膜脂过氧化作用和丙二醛含量大幅升高的直接原因.烘烤过程中过氧化物酶的活性除受烤房温度的影响外,还与细胞膜过氧化导致丙二醛浓度升高有关.丙二醛可以作为烘烤过程中烟叶脱水速率和细胞膜结构破坏程度的指示性化合物.     

温度和溶解氧对金乌贼精子能量代谢和活性的影响

为了解金乌贼(Sepiaesculenta)精子对外界环境变化的响应和存活机制,分析测定了不同温度(16℃、20℃、24℃)和不同溶解氧(1 mg/L、3 mg/L、6 mg/L)条件下保存36 h后精荚能量物质含量、糖脂代谢关键酶活性以及精子激活后的活力变化。结果显示,温度和溶氧处理36h后精荚糖原和甘油三酯含量均显著低于未处理组(P<0.05),但蛋白质含量与未处理组无显著差异(P>0.05)。当温度从16℃升高至24℃时,精荚糖原含量逐渐下降,甘油三酯的含量则先降后稳;己糖激酶(HK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性随温度升高而升高,脂肪酶(LIP)活性先升后稳;精子激活初期运动速度和不运动率随温度升高无显著变化,而快速运动率则先稳后降。当海水溶解氧从1 mg/L升至6 mg/L时,精荚糖原含量逐渐下降,甘油三酯含量先稳后降; HK、PDH、SDH活性随溶解氧上升呈逐渐上升趋势, LDH先升后降, LIP则先稳后升;精子激活初期运动速度和快速运动率随溶解氧升高呈先升后稳的变化趋势,而不运动率则呈先降后稳趋势。上述结果表明,精荚中的糖原和甘油三酯是精子的主要供能物质,精子较低的能量物质消耗为其长期存活提供了保障,低温和低氧环境可抑制精子的耗能,更利于其在精荚中长期存活。     

Effects of α‐lipoic acid on growth performance,body composition,antioxidant profile and lipid metabolism of the GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed high‐fat diets

The wide use of lipid as a non‐protein energy substitute has led to lipid metabolic problems in cultured tilapia. Therefore, studies that reduce the effects of high‐fat diets in genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) are required. This study evaluated the optimum level and effects of dietary α‐lipoic acid (α‐LA) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of GIFT tilapia. The basal diet (120 g/kg lipid) was supplemented with six concentrations of α‐LA at 0 (control), L300, L600, L900, L1200 and L2400 mg/kg diet to make the experimental diets, which were fed to GIFT tilapia juveniles (initial body weight: 0.48 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The weight gain of fish improved significantly in the L300 than other dietary treatments. The intraperitoneal fat index and lipid content of fish fed on the L2400 diet decreased significantly than those fed on the control diet. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in serum and liver were significantly higher in fish fed on the L300 diet than the control. The reduced GSH content of fish fed on the L300 in serum and liver was significantly higher than those fed on control diet. The malondialdehyde content in serum and liver was significantly lower in L300 than in the control. The adipose triglyceride lipase gene was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L2400, but the diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 gene was down‐regulated in adipose. The liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein gene in the liver was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L300 and L600 diets. Moreover, the acyl‐coenzyme A oxidase gene in liver was significantly up‐regulated in fish fed on the L300, L600, L900 and L1200 diets. Polynomial regression analysis indicated that 439–528 mg/kg α‐LA is an appropriate dosage in high‐fat diet to improve growth performance and relieve lipid oxidative damage by accelerating lipid catabolism and reducing lipid synthesis in GIFT tilapia.     

Absorption of Food in African Pike Hepsetus odoe （Bloch, 1974） in Ado Ekiti Reservoir,Ekiti State,Southwestern Nigeria

The protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents of the food ingested and their absorption in the intestine ofHepsetus odoe in Ado-Ekiti Reservoir, Ekiti State, Nigeria were investigated. Samples were analysed chemically for protein, fat and carbohydrate using the official methods of analysis described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. The ingested food had mean total protein, mean total carbohydrate and mean total lipid of 60.2% - 8.55%, 15.4% ± 1.9% and 15.6% ±1.1% of the organic content respectively. Calculated mean total percentages absorbed were 72.4% protein, 52% carbohydrate and 51.5% lipid. The foregut had the highest percentage absorption while the hindgut had the lowest for all the nutrients. Different sizes of fish showed different dietary protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents. Absorptive capacity for these components of the food also varied with fish size.     

Dietary cholesterol and lecithin have limited effects on growth and body composition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis)

The effects of cholesterol and lecithin on growth and body composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops  ×  M. saxatilis ) were investigated by feeding juvenile hybrids (initial weight 5.0 g) diets containing cholesterol at either 0 or 1% and lecithin at either 0, 2, 4, or 6% in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Each of the eight diets was fed to fish in triplicate 38-L aquaria maintained as a brackish water recirculating system for 8 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency, muscle ratio and hepatosomatic index were not significantly ( P  > 0.05) affected by dietary supplementation of cholesterol or lecithin. Supplementation of the diet with lecithin at 4 and 6% significantly ( P  < 0.05) decreased intraperitoneal fat accumulation regardless of dietary cholesterol level. Neither muscle nor liver lipid levels were significantly altered by dietary supplementation of cholesterol or lecithin although both liver and plasma lipid classes were affected. Dietary cholesterol decreased concentrations of liver and plasma free fatty acids and liver phospholipids while increasing concentrations of liver triglycerides and plasma phospholipids. Dietary lecithin did not consistently affect plasma and liver lipid classes although changes in phospholipid levels approaching significance ( P =0.0502 and P =0.0513, respectively) were observed. Thus it is concluded that dietary supplementation with cholesterol or lecithin had no substantial beneficial effects on growth or body composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass.     

中华绒螯蟹卵巢快速发育期内脂类积累以及对抱卵的影响

本文报道中华绒螯蟹卵巢快速发育期内（９月初至１２月初）脂类积累及对抱卵的影响。结果表明：在这一时期,卵巢重量和脂肪含量都迅速增加,增加的脂肪中,中性脂（ＮＬ）主要是甘油三酯和胆固醇磷脂（ＰＬ）主要是卵磷脂和脑膦脂,且ＮＬ或ＰＬ在总脂的比值比较稳定;无论是ＮＬ还是ＰＬ,ω３系列的多不饱和脂肪（主要是Ｃ２０：５和Ｃ２２：６）的百分组成熟显著增加,而ω６系列的（主要是Ｃ２０：４）百分组成则显著降低;不能     

Effects of food colorants on photooxidation of lipids added to Alaska pollack <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> surimi

Food colorants including rose bengal, erythrosine B, phloxine B and cochineal extracts were added to Alaska pollack Theragra chalcogramma surimi which was previously added with methyl linoleate (MeLe) or ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA Et). All the surimi were exposed to a 100-watt light tungsten bulb (4500 lux) in a cold room at 5°C. Four isomeric hydroperoxides, including 13-cis, trans-, 13-trans, trans-, 9-trans,cis- and 9-trans,trans-MeLe hydroperoxides, were generated by oxidation of MeLe added to surimi with and without cochineal extracts after exposure to light for several hours. For the surimi containing rose bengal, erythrosine B and phloxine B, extracted lipids contained not only the above four hydroperoxide isomers but also 12-cis,trans-as well as 10-trans,cis- MeLe hydroperoxides. EPA Et added to surimi which contained rose bengal, erythrosine B and phloxine B generated characteristic isomeric hydroperoxides, including 6-cis,trans- and 17-cis,trans-EPA Et hydroperoxides due to ¹O₂ mediated oxidation. The pro-oxidative potentials of four food colorants in surimi against added EPA Et or MeLe increased as the order of cochineal extracts < phloxine B<erythrosine B<rose bengal. These results clearly demonstrated that the addition of certain food colorants to surimi accelerated ¹O₂ mediated lipid oxidation to result in the generation of characteristic hydroperoxide isomers.     

Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L) reared under optimum salinity and temperature conditions

Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and body composition of juvenile turbot was determined at optimum salinity and temperature conditions of 17 g L^?1 and 19.2 °C, respectively, by using 3 × 2 (protein levels: 550, 600 and 650 g kg^?1; lipid levels: 69 and 168 g kg^?1) factorial design with three replications of each. Fish were hand‐fed to satiety twice daily throughout the feeding trial. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increased dietary lipid level, but not by dietary protein level. Daily feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by both dietary protein and lipid levels. Feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid level, but not by dietary protein level. Moisture content of whole body was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid level, but not by dietary protein level. Crude lipid content of whole body was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid level, but not by dietary protein level. Significantly higher 20:5n?3, 22:6n?3 and n?3 highly unsaturated fatty acids were observed in turbot fed the low lipid diet than fish fed the high lipid diet in all protein levels, but significantly lower 18:2n?6 was observed in fish fed the former compared with the latter. In considering results of growth, specific growth rate and efficiency of feed, optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile turbot seemed to be 550 and 168 g kg^?1 of the diet, respectively, under optimum salinity and temperature conditions.     

哲罗鱼稚鱼的蛋白质和脂肪需求量

采用4×3两因素完全随机设计,研究了哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)稚鱼蛋白质和脂肪的需要量。初始体质量为7-8 g的哲罗鱼饲养于玻璃钢水簇箱中(直径90 cm,水深45 cm)。实验共设4个蛋白质水平(50%、46%、42%、38%),每个蛋白质水平设3个脂肪水平(10%、15%和20%),共12种饲料,每种饲料投喂组设3个重复,每个重复100尾鱼。实验期间水温11.5-17.5℃,溶解氧7.8-10 mg/L,每天饲喂3次,实验共进行8周。结果表明,不同处理对成活率未产生显著影响;脂肪水平对蛋白质需要量影响较大,在10%脂肪水平,与其他蛋白质水平相比,50%蛋白质水平显著提高了终末体质量、终末体长和平均日增重(P<0.01),特定生长率和饵料系数也得到改善(P<0.05);在15%脂肪水平下,与38%蛋白质水平相比,42%、46%和50%蛋白质水平各组终末体质量、平均日增重、特定生长率和饵料系数都显著改善(P<0.05);在20%脂肪水平下,38%与50%蛋白质水平相比,终末体质量、平均日增重和饵料系数差异显著(P<0.05),但其他各组差异不显著;与10%和15%脂肪水平相比,20%脂肪水平显著提高了蛋白质效率(P<0.05);鱼体脂肪含量随饲料中脂肪含量增加而显著提高(P<0.01);50%蛋白质水平显著降低了鱼体水分和脂肪含量,提高了体蛋白含量(P<0.05);鱼体总能随着蛋白质和脂肪水平的提高也极显著提高(P<0.01)。本实验结论为:在10%脂肪水平,哲罗鱼稚鱼最适蛋白质水平为50%,在15%和20%脂肪水平下,最适蛋白质水平为42%。     

一串红种子发育及内含物对种子萌发的影响

本试验通过常规方法测定不同成熟度与不同萌发状态种子中可溶性糖、脂肪和淀粉含量的变化;并观察了胚生长过程;采用滤纸床在２０℃恒温条件下测定种子发芽率。结果表明：不同成熟度种子的胚发育状态及内含物差异很大。随成熟度提高,种子中脂肪含量升高,可溶性糖含量降低;完熟种子中主要贮藏物质是脂肪。伴随种子萌发,可溶性糖含量逐渐下降,脂肪含量变化缓慢。通过ＴＴＣ染色与发芽试验对比,不同种子成熟度与种子活力和发芽率