高温胁迫下油菜素内酯对水稻幼苗的保护作用

以两个籼稻材料082（耐热型）和协青早B（热敏型）为研究对象探讨高温胁迫下油菜素内酯（BR）对水稻秧苗的保护作用。在苗期进行高温和喷施BR处理,观察高温胁迫下BR对叶绿素、蛋白质和MDA含量、电解质外渗率和保护酶（SOD、POD）活性及其同工酶表达等的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下,喷施BR能明显提高热敏型材料协青早B的叶片叶绿素和蛋白质含量,增加SOD和POD活性,降低叶片MDA含量和电解质外渗率,但对耐热型材料082的影响相对较小。经BR处理后两个材料的POD同工酶谱带表达均明显增强。在高温胁迫下,BR处理减弱了耐热材料082的4条SOD同工酶谱带的表达,但明显增强了热敏感材料协青早B的A、B两同工酶谱带的表达,表明BR能够增强稻苗内活性氧保护酶系统的活性或诱导其表达,能有效减轻高温对秧苗的伤害。BR处理后稻苗对高温的应答机制,在温敏性不同的材料间存在差异。     

氯化胆碱对低温胁迫下稻苗的保护作用

以不同浓度(0、 50、 100、 300、 500、 700、 1000 mg/ L)的氯化胆碱溶液浸种处理和叶面喷施稻苗,在3～4℃低温胁迫下,稻苗的超氧物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶等活性均显著地高于对照,其膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛产生量和电解质外渗率均低于对照,叶绿素残存量则高于对照;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸等含量均明显高于对照;故经氯化胆碱处理者,其总含水量与对照间差异虽然不大,但束缚水含量增加而自由水含量减少。上述结果表明氯化胆碱能明显地保护处于低温胁迫下的稻苗的细胞膜系结构和提高其防冷性物质含量,从而增强稻苗的抗冷性。     

Effects of extruded and pelleted diets with differing lipid levels on growth,nutrient retention and serum biochemical indices of tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Tilapia nilotica)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded diets and pelleted diets with varying dietary lipid levels on growth performance and nutrient utilization of tilapia. Six diets, containing three levels of lipid at 40, 60 or 80 g kg^?1 (with the supplemental lipid of 0, 20 or 40 g kg^?1, respectively), were prepared by extruding or pelleting and then fed to tilapia juveniles (8.0 ± 0.1 g) in cages (in indoor pools) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the fish that were fed the diet with 60 g kg^?1 of lipid had a higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid retention (LRE), energy retention (ERE), apparent protein digestibility, apparent dry matter digestibility and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the diet with 40 g kg^?1 lipid in both the extruded diet and pelleted diet (P < 0.05). As the dietary lipid level increased from 60 to 80 g kg^?1, these parameters were not further improved, even digestibilities of the crude protein and dry matter decreased (P < 0.05). With the dietary lipid level increased, whole‐body lipid content significantly increased (P < 0.05), serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) tended to increase (P > 0.05), whereas whole‐body protein content, serum triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and HDL‐C/LDL‐C tended to decrease (P > 0.05). Fish fed with the extruded diets had a higher WG, SGR, hepatosomatic index (HSI), PER, protein retention (PRE), LRE, ERE, TG, apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter, as well as a lower FCR, than those fed with the pelleted diets at the same dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). These results suggested that tilapia fed with the extruded diets had a better growth and higher nutrient utilization than fish fed with the pelleted diets, when dietary lipid level ranged from 40 to 80 g kg^?1 and at dietary crude protein level was 280 g kg^?1. The optimum dietary lipid level was 60 g kg^?1 in both the pelleted and extruded diets, and extrusion did not affect dietary lipid requirement of the tilapia.     

Effect of nucleotides supplementation to low‐fish meal feed on long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of nucleotides supplementation to low‐fish meal feed on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout. Six isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isolipidic (18% crude lipid) diets were formulated containing fish meal and plant ingredients as main protein sources. The control diet was a basal diet without supplementation of nucleotides, and five experimental diets were prepared by supplementing one of the five different nucleotides in the form of 5′‐monophosphate (0.15%), that is inosine (IMP), adenosine (AMP), guanosine (GMP), uridine (UMP) and cytidine (CMP) onto basal diet. Two hundred forty juvenile rainbow trout with an initial average body weight 9.8 g were randomly distributed into twelve aquaria. After 15 weeks of feeding period, growth performance and feed utilization of rainbow trout were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Dietary GMP, UMP and CMP tended to accumulate crude lipid in the muscle and whole fish body. Moreover, dietary GMP, UMP and CMP significantly increased hepatic 18:3n‐3 and long‐chain homologue 18:4n‐3 and 20:4n‐3 contents. Hepatic 18:2n‐6 content showed also increase in fish fed GMP, UMP and CMP diets, but decreased in long‐chain homologue 20:3n‐6 and 20:4n‐6 contents. Decrease in 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents was also found in the muscle of fish fed IMP, GMP and CMP diets. The present study clearly showed that there was no positive effect of dietary nucleotides on growth of fish, but dietary nucleotides particularly GMP, UMP and CMP altered polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of rainbow trout.     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

快速脱水抑制葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化及褐变

为探索脱水速度对无核白葡萄干制过程中膜脂过氧化作用及褐变的影响,以新疆无核白葡萄为试验材料,经过葡萄促干剂处理后,采用快速脱水和缓慢脱水2种处理,质量每减轻10%进行取样,测定脱水过程中果实干基含水率、干燥速率、褐变度、细胞膜透性、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)活性以及总酚含量的变化。结果表明:与缓慢脱水相比,快速脱水处理显著(P0.05)降低了无核白葡萄褐变度的上升,减少MDA生成量以及膜透性的增加,抑制LOX活性的升高,保持较高的活性氧清除酶SOD、CAT及POD活性及较高的总酚含量,且使PPO活性保持在一个较低的水平。因此认为,快速脱水可以有效地抑制无核白葡萄的膜脂过氧化作用对细胞膜的破坏,保持细胞的完整性,且PPO活性较低,从而减少无核白葡萄脱水褐变的发生。研究结果为快速脱水在无核白葡萄干制中的应用提供参考。     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对冷藏砂糖橘冷害和品质影响

为探究壳聚糖对砂糖橘果实冷害的影响,以1℃贮藏的砂糖橘为对象,对果实进行1.0%壳聚糖涂膜处理,以未涂膜的果实作为对照,研究了壳聚糖涂膜处理对果实贮藏品质和膜脂过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,1℃条件下采用1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘可延缓果实冷害的发生,显著提高果实的好果率,同时可以抑制TSS、TA、Vc含量的下降;1.0%壳聚糖处理砂糖橘果实在低温下保持了较高的POD、CAT和SOD活性,壳聚糖处理抑制了果实MDA含量的上升。由此可见,1.0%壳聚糖处理可以降低砂糖橘果实由于1℃不适宜低温造成的膜脂过氧化,保持果实贮藏品质,减轻果实的冷害症状。本研究结果为减缓砂糖橘果实冷害提供了一定的理论依据。     

DOC与POC耦合柴油机燃用调合生物柴油颗粒物的排放特性

在一台高压共轨柴油机上进行燃用调合生物柴油(B0、B10和B20)台架试验,利用MOUDI颗粒分级采样系统和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别研究氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)结合颗粒氧化催化器(particle oxidation catalyst,POC)对颗粒物的粒径质量浓度分布和可溶性有机组分(SOF)的影响。结果表明:随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,各粒径范围的排气颗粒物质量浓度均下降,质量浓度峰值均在0.18~0.32μm;颗粒物SOF中脂类、酸类质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃、酚类物质质量分数减少;B0和B20的碳原子数质量分数均呈现近似以C16为峰值的正态分布。加装DOC+POC后,3种燃料颗粒物的质量浓度均降低,聚集态颗粒的质量浓度转化率高于粗颗粒态,其中B20聚集态转化率最高,为58.36%;随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,DOC+POC对SOF的转化率增大,其中B20颗粒中SOF转化率达65.15%;DOC+POC对脂类和酸类物质净化作用明显,加装DOC+POC后,B20脂类和酸类物质的质量分数降幅分别为55.45%和43.27%;DOC+POC对B20颗粒物中SOF的C12~C18氧化作用明显。     

石灰性水稻土中硝酸盐依赖型与光合型亚铁氧化过程

厌氧条件下土壤中铁氧化还原过程与土壤氮循环关系密切,且硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化(nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation,NDFO)和光合型亚铁氧化(photosynthetic ferrous oxidation,PFO)是亚铁氧化的两个重要的生物途径,然而目前关于石灰性水稻土中NDFO与PFO之间的关系仍不明晰。以采自黄河中下游地区河南省孟津县的水稻土为样品,设置培养前添加和培养过程中添加10 mmol·L^-1的硝酸根离子/铵离子(NO₃^-/NH₄⁺)的恒温厌氧泥浆培养试验,通过监测泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)、O₂、NO₃^-和亚硝酸根离子(NO₂^-)的动态变化与培养后的NH₄⁺含量探究了NO₃^-在石灰性水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)氧化过程的作用及其与光合型亚铁氧化的关系。结果...     

外源物质处理对高温胁迫下苹果果实抗氧化能力的影响

高温胁迫下,果实表皮组织抗氧化代谢变化的总趋势是O2-和MDA含量升高,当胁迫在一定范围内,SOD和POD活性上升;超过一定限度,SOD和POD活性下降。外源自由基产生剂能够增加内源O2-的含量,同时极显著提高SOD的活性。试验结果表明,在45℃温度胁迫下,果实表皮组织O2-含量增加14.52％~61.70％;SOD活性提高1.07~1.66倍。不同种类外源活性氧产生剂对内源O2-含量的影响效能有所不同。碱性二亚硫酸钠可直接产生O2-,所以诱导内源O2-合成的效果更大一些。不同种类外源物质均可显著或极显著提高果实表皮组织SOD和POD活性,提高果实的抗热性。