放牧强度对混播草地群落数量特征的影响(简报)

放牧强度对人工草地群落数量特征的影响,国内外学者已有报道^[1~2],而有关青藏高原的研究则很少^[3]。Reategui^[4]认为,载畜量增大将使丛生禾草向矮生禾草演替,而导致草地退化。另外,放牧强度对植物群落组成和生物多样性也有很大影响,随着放牧强度的增加,一些适口性高、再生性强、不耐牧的种类减少,而适口性差、耐牧的种类增多^[5]。本试验研究放牧强度对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)/星星草(Puccinellia tenuflora)混播草地群落数量特征的影响,旨在为人工草地的放牧利用提供科学依据。     

Study on some molecular characterization of Babesia orientalis

The study on buffalo babesiosis indicated that its pathogen was different from other Babesia on many aspects such as morphology, transmission and pathogenicity. Therefore, it was named as a new species—Babesia orientalis. In order to prove the validity of this taxon, molecular taxonomic study on the pathogen was done in this experiment. The complete 18S rRNA gene sequence of B. orientalis was determined by PCR. It was sequenced and blasted. The results indicated that the classification of the parasite belonged to the genus Babesia. The 1700 bp complete sequence was compared with 15 other Babesia sp. available in GenBank. The data were analyzed and a phylogenetic tree was established. The results indicated that the hereditary distance of the parasite was close to that of Babesia sp. from South Africa and Babesia ovis, and the hereditary distance was far from Babesia bigemina and B. bovis.     

通辽地区紫花苜蓿田杂草种类及发生规律的调查研究

通过对紫花苜蓿田杂草种类及发生规律的调查研究，表明通辽地区紫花苜蓿田有13科31种杂草，以一年生杂草为主；优势杂草藜、酸模叶蓼、打碗花、稗、反枝苋等呈集群分布；主要杂草发生时间在紫花苜蓿播种后10d左右进入出苗高峰期；一年生杂草大量发生时间在5～6月份，二年生和多年生杂草易常年发生；以禾本科稗草，阔叶类杂草藜、反枝苋、酸模叶蓼、打碗花发生最为普遍，危害严重。     

海南坡鹿对采食部位的选择与饲草酸性洗涤纤维含量的相关性

在海南大田国家级自然保护区围栏内用食痕法(evidence of feeding on forage)观测海南坡鹿Cervus eldi hainanus(简称坡鹿)对18种草本和18种灌木类饲草的采食部分占整株草本植株或占整枝灌木主枝条的尺寸比,同时测定各饲草的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量.结果显示,按旱季与雨季的(全年)平均值,坡鹿对草本类饲草的采食尺寸比为49.29%,对灌木类饲草为57.3%;草本类饲草的ADF含量为9.91%,灌木类饲草为9.19%;无论草本还是灌木类,坡鹿的采食尺寸比随饲草ADF含量的增加而显著降低.研究表明,在大田自然保护区围栏内,坡鹿对ADF含量在10%以上的饲草不喜食,饲草纤维物质含量是坡鹿在围栏内扩充采食部位以增加营养摄入量的限制性因子,在旱季种植并收割饲草投喂坡鹿时,应避免其纤维物质含量增高.     

几种草被植物的水土保持效应研究

利用小型观测场,对比了几种草被植物地降水、径流量、土壤侵蚀量和土壤的物理性质.结果表明, 与裸地相比,草被植物可以增加土壤的覆盖度,减少降水的径流系数,减少土壤侵蚀量,其中百脉根Lotus corniculatus的效应最为明显.草被植物可以减小土壤容重,增加土壤空隙率,使土壤蓄水保水能力增加,同时提高土壤入渗速率和土壤的抗蚀性,其中百脉根地土壤含水量和入渗速率最大,苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea地崩解所需时间最长.如苇状羊茅地、葛藤Pueraria lobata地、百脉根地和空旷地0～2 m土层土壤平均含水量分别是15.74%,15.83%,16.06%和14.61%,苇状羊茅、葛藤、百脉根地土壤完全崩解所需时间分别比空旷地多780,627,704 min.     

鲁北滨海地区引种豆科牧草的灰色关联度分析

试验在鲁北滨海地区对经一般观察后初步入选的１４种豆科牧草进行了观察，并采用灰色关联度分析法以干草产量、鲜草产量、繁殖系数、折干率、叶量率、生长速度为主要指标进行综合评价。结果表明：综合性状最好的豆科牧草是草木樨属牧草，其中白花草木樨尤为突出；其次为沙打旺和美国苜蓿，也是适于鲁北滨海地区种植的豆科牧草。     

Understanding stakeholders’ opinions and preferences for non-native pet trade management in Florida

There is growing recognition of the link between the non-native pet trade and the introduction and establishment of invasive species due to the release and escape of non-native pets. However, it is unclear whether participants in the pet trade recognize the magnitude of this invasion risk. Successful mitigation of the pet trade invasion risk requires stakeholder support for, and participation in, regulations. We conducted 29 interviews in Florida to investigate key stakeholders’ opinions about the pet trade invasion risk and the effectiveness of potential regulations to mitigate this risk. Respondents framed the effectiveness of regulations in terms of their feasibility. Respondents also identified lack of trust and the existence of an adversarial relationship among stakeholder groups as major barriers to managing the pet trade invasion risk. Compliance with regulations may be improved if policy makers and managers utilize participatory decision-making to engage stakeholders in management of this risk.     

The leaf-litter earthworm fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of forests in Limpopo Province,South Africa: diversity,communities and conservation

A qualitative survey of the leaf-litter earthworm fauna of 11 selected indigenous forests in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was conducted to identify the species present, to describe the communities and to assess the relationship between indigenous and exotic species. A total of 8185 individuals from 17 species (five indigenous and 12 exotic species) were recorded. The average earthworm community comprised fewer than five species, but up to seven species were sampled from a single forest. Four of the species recorded are national (one species), regional (one species) or local (two species) endemics. Because these species are not known to live elsewhere, the protection of Limpopo Province forests is critical to their survival. The majority (71%) of the earthworm species sampled was exotic, and differences between exotic and indigenous species richness in forests were mostly significant. At the two spatial scales examined (20 m2 and individual forest) there is no evidence of an association between exotic and indigenous species richness. However, we cannot assume that exotic earthworms do not impact the forest ecosystem.     

冷季型草坪草在环渤海旱碱区的适应性评价

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题，通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价，结果表明：高羊茅为最适合的草种，草地早熟禾较适合，多年生黑麦草不适宜单播，可和高羊茅以适当的比例混播，紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的高羊茅品种为皇后、贝克，草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

Characterizing the Economic Value and Impacts of Wild Pig Damage on a Rural Economy

Wild pigs are a free-ranging invasive species capable of inflicting significant damage on rural property. Wildlife management personnel may benefit from understanding the negative societal impact of wild pigs. A statewide mail survey of randomly selected landowners was conducted in rural Tennessee counties known to have wild pigs. The economic value of damage caused by wild pigs in 2015 in these counties was estimated at $26.22 million, whereas the cost incurred in control and eradication was $2.09 million. Input-output modeling of damage in these counties on the state’s economy showed $32.8 million in lost industrial output, $4.6 million in lost labor income, and 332 jobs or job equivalents affected. Findings are useful in understanding the types of damage, and the extent of these impacts on the rural economy. They could also facilitate comparing the expected benefit with the cost of control programs in Tennessee and comparable areas facing similar invasions from wild pigs.