Doubled haploid production in nutraceutical species: a review

There is a growing interest in herbs, spices, nutraceuticals, and medicinal plants worldwide. These species are used for food, flavourings, cosmetics, and for medicinal purposes. However, there is very little activity underway to improve the genetics and breeding of these crops. Much of the industry relies on “wild” plants (i.e. not genetically improved/enhanced); therefore, the potential for variability in crop performance and active ingredients is high, presenting significant challenges for the industry. Uniform varieties would be beneficial for use in agronomic and clinical trials. Doubled haploid technology can accelerate the breeding of new varieties as has been demonstrated in other species. However, very little work has been done on developing doubled haploid technology for herbs, spices, and nutraceutical species. This review describes some of the research conducted in this field.     

巨魾人工繁殖初报与胚胎发育观察

巨魾(Bagarius yarrelli)为云南特有的大型底栖肉食性鱼类,分布于澜沧江、怒江和元江水系.2012年3月24日人工繁殖试验成功,4月20日再次进行人工繁殖试验,获苗约1 000尾;观察记录了巨魾的胚胎发育过程.孵化水温27℃时,巨魾的出膜时间为20 h.     

太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼驯化培育与早期发育特征

采捕山东威海外海黄海海域的太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)亲鱼进行驯化和培育,在人工条件下成功驯化存活野生亲鱼49尾,经短期促熟培育后,通过人工授精方式获得了多批次受精卵.对胚胎和早期仔鱼发育过程进行了观察,详细描述了从受精卵到早期仔鱼各发育时期的形态特征.结果显示,太平洋鳕成熟卵子为沉性卵,圆球形,卵径为0.9-1.1 mm,无油球.胚胎发育分为5个时期,分别为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期.在水温为9-10℃、盐度为27-29的海水中孵化,受精卵历时312 h 30 min孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼全长为(3.85±0.12) mm,6日龄仔鱼开口,肛门与外界相通,进入混合营养期.8日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消耗殆尽,开始进入外源性营养阶段.仔鱼开口饵料为轮虫(Rotifer),12日龄开始摄食卤虫(Artemia saline)无节幼体.6日龄仔鱼鳔原基形成,16日龄鳔充气成为亮泡状.12日龄仔鱼形成肠道第1个生理弯曲,22日龄仔鱼第2个肠道生理弯曲形成.研究结果可为太平洋鳕亲鱼驯化培育和苗种培育提供基础资料.     

不同棉花愈伤组织状态与胚胎发生及其植株再生的关系

研究结果表明,能够分化出体细胞胚胎并再生成植株的4种愈伤组织状态为:直接产生胚性愈伤组织或体细胞胚胎簇状胚状体、淡黄色且疏松结构胚性愈伤组织、颗粒状疏松结构愈伤组织及褐化、生长缓慢的愈伤组织;难以分化出体细胞胚胎的4种愈伤组织状态为:易发生体细胞胚再愈伤化的愈伤组织、翠绿色表面有硬块状的愈伤组织、易诱导出胚性愈伤组织但不分化成苗的胚性愈伤组织、疯长型愈伤组织。     

幼胚发育阶段对次郎柿胚抢救效果的影响

迄今对柿幼胚培养的最佳时期尚不完全明确。以完全甜柿品种次郎(Diospyros kaki Thunb.cv.Jirou)为试材,探讨了幼胚发育阶段对胚抢救效果的影响。结果表明,(1)授粉后40d幼胚处于球形胚期,50d处于心形或鱼雷形期,60d之后处于子叶形胚期;(2)接种授粉后40d幼胚的萌发率(29.3%)显著低于其它时期,其后不同取胚时期的萌发率均为100%,差异不显著;(3)接种授粉后60d幼胚的成苗率(92%)显著高于其它时期,再生植株苗高和生根数与其它时期无明显差异。因此,心形期至子叶期阶段是完全甜柿品种次郎幼胚的最佳培养时期,萌发率和成苗率分别为100%和86%～92%。该时期较前人报道的柿幼胚培养时期提早10￣20d。     

甘蓝类植物小孢子培养及植株再生研究

对3个甘蓝类植物(甘蓝、青花菜、羽衣甘蓝)19个品种小孢子胚胎发生和植株再生的影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,基因型不仅影响供试材料的小孢子胚状体发生频率,也影响胚状体的质量;4℃低温预处理0 ～2d结合32.5℃热激1d,能显著提高供试基因型小孢子出胚率.胚状体先在NLN-13液体培养基中培养25d,有利于胚状体分化成苗;后在B5固体分化培养基中添加1％ ～1.2％琼脂,可有效促进胚状体萌发和植株再生.小孢子再生植株先使用流式细胞仪在生长初期鉴定倍性,后对单倍体植株采用200mg·L-1秋水仙碱浸根处理20h,并用流式细胞仪鉴定,此方法可快速、有效地获得双单倍体植株.     

向日葵下胚轴体细胞胚发生的基因型效应

为了探讨向日葵不同基因型之间体细胞胚发生能力,采用来源于PAC-2和RHA-266的重组自交系(R ILs)、以及来源于LR35×C149和C149×C40杂交的2个F1杂交种、16个F3家系及其亲本为材料,研究了向日葵下胚轴体细胞胚发生率和每块胚数的基因型效应。结果表明,各基因型之间的胚发生率和每块胚数的差异均达0.1%极显著水平,胚发生率的变幅为0~93.77%,而每块胚数变幅在0~10.63之间;两个群体的杂种F1的胚发生率均显著地高于亲本平均值,表现出一定的优势;重组自交系和杂交F1的两个亲本的胚发生率和每块胚数差异均达显著水平。     

Pathogenesis of single right coronary artery and pulmonic stenosis in English Bulldogs

English Bulldogs are the most common breed to have pulmonic stenosis. Previous studies showed that this congenital heart abnormality in Bulldogs frequently is caused by a circumpulmonary left coronary artery originating from a single right coronary artery. Fetal anasarca also occurs often in Bulldogs and might represent congestive heart failure, but the cause is unknown. To determine if fetal anasarca is associated with a coronary anomaly and pulmonic stenosis, major coronary arteries were studied in 6 bulldog puppies with fetal anasarca. Five of the puppies had normal coronary arteries, and this led to the conclusion that fetal anasarca usually is not associated with major coronary abnormalities or pulmonic stenosis. The 6th puppy had single right coronary artery with circumpulmonary left coronary artery and moderate subvalvular pulmonic stenosis. Serial section histology suggests that the underlying cause of this syndrome is malformation of the left aortic sinus (of Valsalva) and inversion of the proximal segment of the left main coronary artery.     

辣椒花药培养中若干影响因素的研究

 以4个辣椒品种(组合)为试材，通过正交试验，按不同取蕾时期，在培养基中添加不同浓度的硝酸银，维生素C、植物生长调节剂、氮源、碳源、核酸、活性炭等研究对辣椒花药培养中组织褐化、愈伤组织发生率、胚状体的发生率的影响。结果表明：硝酸银、维生素c能有效地减轻组织褐化；对于辣椒花药培养愈伤组织生成率影响较大的前4位依次是植物生长调节剂、活性炭、硝酸银、维生素C；对于胚状体发生率影响较大的前4位依次是维生素C、取蕾时期、碳源、硝酸银。