Methods for assessing the toxicity of herbicides to submersed aquatic plants

A new test design for the non-axenic submergent aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis Michx. and Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been developed for potential use in herbicide toxicity testing. For the non-axenic cultures, the best growth conditions were observed in the Elendt-M4 medium in which no growth of algae or bacteria was observed. Cuttings were placed in beakers containing only the artificial M4 medium or were planted in small beakers containing OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) sediment (5% peat, 75% sand, 20% kaolinite), which were then placed in larger vessels with the M4 medium. The plants were observed for main and secondary shoot length, biomass and root formation within 2-3 weeks of planting. Growth rates were calculated for total plant length and biomass. The variance between the replicates was low throughout the experiment [coefficient of variation (CV) < 26% for total plant length, and between 16 and 40% for biomass]. Relative growth rates based on total plant length were determined as 0.028 and 0.050 per day for M. spicatum in the systems containing M4 medium only and medium plus sediment respectively. Similar results were observed for E. canadensis, with relative growth rates of 0.26 and 0.073 per day in the two test systems. The root-shoot ratio at harvest was greater by a factor of 2-3 for E. canadensis in the M4 medium than in the system containing sediment. However, comparable ratios were observed for M. spicatum in the two test systems. Both growth in total plant length and growth in biomass of the two species have potential as measures of toxicity.     

伊乐藻和固定化细菌共同作用对富营养化水体中养分的影响

试验是在室外进行,采用适合冬季生长的沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodeamuttallii)和固定化微生物两者相结合来研究它们在冬春季节对富营养化水体中氮磷养分的影响变化。试验结果表明:采用两者的结合对维持和提高水质效果最为明显,其中对水体中几种形态的氮素都有不同程度的降低作用,这主要是由于除水生植物对水体中氮素的吸收外,还有通过固定化微生物的氨化作用、硝化和反硝化作用,促使氮素以气态的形式去除;在试验的后期,虽然水体中总磷TP和可溶性磷DP的含量在各处理中都表现出上升趋势,但是把伊乐藻(Elodeamuttallii)和氮循环菌相结合却能对水体的磷含量有明显的缓冲作用,这些结果综合表现为水体透明度的相对较高。     

Aquaculture potential of the basket cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii). Part 2: effects of stocking density and depth on second year grow‐out performance of three size cohorts in intertidal and off‐bottom suspended culture

We investigated the effects of culture mode (intertidal and off‐bottom suspended culture) and initial stocking density (5%, 10%, 35% and 70% bottom cover) on survival, growth and condition indices of three size cohorts (16, 22 and 32 mm initial shell length) of the basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii, during a second year of grow‐out. In addition, we evaluated the effects of depth (2, 4 and 6 m) in suspended culture. All size cohorts demonstrated significantly higher growth rates, soft‐tissue biomass and condition indices in the off‐bottom suspended system compared to the intertidal one. In suspended culture, however, C. nuttallii exhibited sub‐optimal survival, shell deformities and heavy fouling. For all size cohorts, stocking density had a significant effect on most growth and condition parameters, except meat yield indices, in both culture modes. An initial maximum stocking density of 10% cover is recommended for all size cohorts. Culture depth did not have a consistent statistically significant effect on any of the growth or condition parameters. Depending on the grow‐out scenario, stocking density and harvestable size chosen, the cumulative harvestable proportion after the second year of grow‐out constituted 15.5–63.1% of the seed planted. Our results could be used to develop and improve culture techniques for C. nuttallii and other cockle species.     

伊乐藻抗椭圆萝卜螺牧食损害能力研究

观测椭圆萝卜螺（Radix swinhoei）对伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）植株造成的牧食损害程度,研究伊乐藻的抗牧食损害能力以及受损后的生长特性,进一步了解伊乐藻生态适应性以及入侵能力,为合理利用和控制伊乐藻提供依据。 选取15~20 cm的伊乐藻嫩枝,除去附生生物,用蒸馏水冲洗干净,快速称量鲜重2 g。螺的类型据重量分为大螺（0.17±0.02）g、中螺（0.1±0.01）g和小螺（0.03±0.01）g。玻璃缸水平置于室内靠窗户的位置,加入2 L稀释10倍的Hoaglands培养液。试验组分3组,每组放1种大小的螺4只,螺在培养液中饥饿48h后用于试验;对照组不放螺。每种处理3个重复,试验期15d。螺主要取食伊乐藻茎干和顶芽,取食优先顺序为茎干、顶芽、叶 。中螺危害最甚,该组中伊乐藻的生物量增量约为对照组的40%;大螺危害次之,小螺危害最小,2组中伊乐藻生物量增量分别占对照组的92%和96%。受牧食损害后的伊乐藻仍有较高的成活率,形成的断枝也有较高的萌发率,大螺、中螺、小螺组伊乐藻断枝上腋芽萌发的数量占原枝条数的比例分别为41.7%、22.6%和10%。椭圆萝卜螺可对伊乐藻造成明显的牧食损害,但伊乐藻抗牧食损害能力较强。     

克氏原螯虾几种动植物饵料的培育

针对克氏原螯虾天然性饵料的合理利用问题,阐述了几种适于克氏原螯虾养殖的常用动植物饵料及其培育技术,具体包括小浮萍移植、采收、日常管理和防病除害,伊乐藻的栽培与栽后管理,红虫的施肥培育与捞取等,为克氏原螯虾养殖生产提供借鉴。     

Effects of stocking density and substratum on the survival,growth, burrowing behaviour and shell morphology of juvenile basket cockle,Clinocardium nuttallii: implications for nursery seed production and field outplanting

The basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii, is a candidate species for aquaculture in British Columbia, Canada. Previous research on broodstock conditioning, embryonic development and larval rearing of C. nuttallii demonstrated the potential for reliable hatchery production of cockle seed. In this paper, we investigated the effects of culture density (50% and 150% bottom cover in a monolayer) and substratum (none and fine sand) on cockle seed survival, growth, behaviour and shell morphology to improve the efficiency of the nursery production phase. Low stocking density (50% cover) yielded a shell length increase from 3 to 7 mm over a 4‐week period. High stocking density (150% cover) negatively impacted some of the growth and condition parameters studied, but did not have a statistically significant effect on seed survival. Growing seed without substratum did not significantly affect seed survival or growth, but led to shell deformities (at shell length >15 mm) and lower burrowing rates when cockles were subsequently placed on sand. We recommend planting seed for grow‐out at a shell length not exceeding 15 mm. Acclimating seed to the substratum before planting may increase the burrowing rates, thereby reducing the risks of seed dislocation and mortality. Additional studies are required to determine optimal substratum acclimation times and techniques.     

生物质炭添加量对伊乐藻堆肥过程氮素损失的影响

为探讨高温堆肥中氮素损失的有效控制技术,研究以生物质炭为添加剂对伊乐藻与稻草混合堆肥过程中氮素损失的影响,通过静态高温好氧堆肥试验,设置了6个处理,即：CK（不添加生物质炭）、5个生物质炭不同添加量处理（以CK为基础,生物质炭添加量分别为CK堆体干基质量的6%、18%、30%、42%、54%）,监测了伊乐藻与稻草混合堆肥过程中堆温、氨挥发速率等相关指标的变化。结果表明,与 CK 相比,添加生物质炭可以提高堆温、延长高温期天数、缩短堆肥周期,堆肥周期减少天数与生物质炭添加量呈极显著的对数曲线相关（P<0.01）;添加生物质炭可以显著降低堆肥过程中的氨累积挥发量（P<0.05）,但与CK相比,生物质炭添加量为6%、18%处理的氨累积挥发量分别增加了26.58%、6.34%,同时,氮素损失率亦高于CK处理;堆肥过程中氮素损失率与生物质炭添加量关系密切,呈显著的一元三次曲线相关（P<0.05）,生物质炭的适宜添加量为27.11%～45%;根据不同影响因子的标准偏回归系数,对堆肥体氮素损失率的影响,由大到小依次为全氮、铵态氮、有机碳。     

娜塔栎容器苗基质配方及富根苗培育研究

为了培养娜塔栎富根壮苗,提高娜塔栎移载造林成活率,采用完全随机区组设计,以娜塔栎1年生苗出现测苗为观测对象,每个试验处理观测30株/重复,3次重复,共90株苗。观测调查指标包括苗高和地径。结果表明:娜塔栎容器育苗基质最佳配方为泥炭土∶黄心土∶钙镁磷肥=60∶35∶5。娜塔栎大田育苗不同浓度GGR6对苗木进行叶面喷施处理后,其苗木根长大于5 cmⅠ级侧根数、苗高生长、地径生长均有明显差异,宜采用100 mg/L GGR6喷施叶面,相比对照,娜塔栎苗木根长大于5 cmⅠ级侧根数增加60%以上,苗高生长增加20%以上,地径生长增加15%以上。     

光照强度和容器规格对纳塔栎1年生容器苗生长的影响

【目的】通过了解不同光照强度下纳塔栎Quercus nuttallii的苗期生长节律,筛选出适宜幼苗生长的光照强度及容器规格,为今后生产中容器苗培育及管理提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】采用单因素试验设计研究光照强度[50%、75%和100%(对照)]和容器规格(8 cm×10 cm、10 cm×15 cm和15 cm×20 cm)对容器苗生长的影响,并用Logistic方程对不同光照强度下苗高和地径生长动态进行拟合。【结果】在生长前期(6月26日前),遮阴处理明显促进了苗高生长,至生长季末,各处理间的苗高差异却不显著;在整个生长季,遮阴处理皆显著提高了幼苗地径生长,均表现为75%光照强度处理最优。纳塔栎苗高和地径生长节律有所差异,遮阴处理使得苗高线性生长起始期和末期均提前,相比对照,50%光照强度处理的苗高线性生长期缩短21 d,75%光照强度处理的线性生长期与对照无显著差异,50%和100%光照强度处理的地径线性生长期分别比75%光照强度处理延长了19和16 d;苗高的线性生长持续时间均远低于地径,这表明纳塔栎苗高停止生长后,地径还在持续生长。容器规格对苗高、地径及高径比具有显著影响;随着容器规格的增大,苗高和地径显著增长;在较大容器规格(15 cm×20 cm)中,苗高和地径均达到最大值,分别为98.83 cm和11.68 mm。【结论】在生产中应选用较大规格容器(15 cm×20 cm)培育纳塔栎优质苗木。纳塔栎苗高和地径存在异速生长,在苗木管理中,幼苗生长前期采用50%光照强度培养,苗高线性生长期采用75%光照强度培养,秋季转移到全光照下培养,生长末期应以地径作为判断苗木是否进入停止生长的指标。     

附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻生长的研究

以沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttalii（Plant.）ST.John.）为研究对象,室内利用原位湖水进行培养,通过测定伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数、光合作用速率等指标,研究了附着生物量的增加对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响。结果表明,随着附着生物处理量的增加,伊乐藻的生物量、叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率随之下降,50d后,各处理的生物量与对照相比分别减少了约5%-15%,叶绿素质量分数以及光合作用速率下降了20%-43%、10%-36%。同时也分析了丝状藻对沉水植物伊乐藻的遮阴作用,初步推测附着生物对沉水植物伊乐藻的影响可能是由于附着生物的遮荫作用。研究的结果为揭示富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的机理提供了理论依据。