以食用菌种植为纽带的循环农业模式(英文)

[目的]有效利用农业资源特别是对农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便的高效处理和利用。[方法]以山东久发食用菌股份有限公司为例,总结了以食用菌为纽带所建立的循环农业模式,并对该模式带来的经济、生态和社会效益进行了分析。[结果]以食用菌产业为纽带的循环农业模式主要是利用大量农牧业废弃物(麦秸、畜禽粪便等)发展食用菌产业,以培养料的规模生产加工销售为主导,实现村域内资金、技术、原材料、生产对象的最大集约化,吸纳更多的剩余劳动力从事食用菌生产;同时对产生的大量菌渣进行多途径的利用,不仅解决了食用菌生产中大量废弃菌渣的问题,而且进一步延长产业链条,增加从业者的收入,实现农业资源转化增值的最大化。[结论]该模式能充分利用农业生物质资源,减轻农业废弃物的环境污染,显著增加经济、生态和社会效益。     

云南省普洱市民族食虫文化初探

从普洱民族食用昆虫的历史,民族食用昆虫的特点,食用昆虫与民族风情,民族食用昆虫的烹饪方法以及独特的民族昆虫菜谱等方面系统地介绍了云南省普洱市食虫文化的民族特征、内涵及其存在形式。     

The effect of veld condition on the quality of diet selected by cattle grazing the Natal Sour Sandveld

The quality of diet selected by steers fistulated at the oesophagous was related to veld condition in a simulated rotational grazing system on the Natal Sour Sandveld. Six camps, ranging in veld condition score from 8,5 to 53%, were grazed simultaneously for a two‐week period in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Fistula samples were collected on the first, middle and last day of a period of occupation in a camp. Samples were analysed in terms of crude protein (CP), in vitro digestibility (IVD) and plant‐part (% leaf, % stem and % dead material) composition. Dietary quality in terms of CP, IVD and plant‐part composition was not related to veld condition but was dependent largely (P≤0,01) upon season and to a lesser extent upon period of occupation in a camp. It was concluded that in sourveld areas, where dietary quality may be limiting, the veld condition score may be a poor index of potential animal production.     

Muscular architecture and VIP-like immunoreactive nerves in the gastroduodenal junction of the chicken

The muscular architecture and the distribution of nerves with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like (VIP-like) immunoreactivity were examined in the gastroduodenal junction of the chicken. Both the outer and the inner muscle layers (tunica muscularis) and the muscularis mucosae were examined. The inner muscle layer was divided into two parts, namely its inner and outer parts. The outer muscle layer was not present in the pyloric part but was found in the proventriculus and the duodenum. The muscle strands of the outer muscle layer ran longitudinally but were absent at the isthmus and the pylorus. Most of the outer part of the inner muscle layer was located in or close to the pyloric part. The muscle strands in the outer part connected the pyloric part with other regions, namely the craniodorsal muscle, the tendinous centres and the isthmus. The inner part of the inner muscle layer was widely distributed in the stomach. In the pyloric part, the muscle strands of this layer followed a circular or spiral course. The muscularis mucosae was not present in the caudodorsal and cranioventral muscles of the gizzard. In addition, VIP-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were predominantly distributed in the inner part of inner muscle layer of the pyloric part. These results suggest that the ventriculopyloric orifice and the pyloric part itself constrict with a sphincter-like action.Abbreviations VIP vasoactive intestinal polypeptide     

海南坡鹿对采食部位的选择与饲草酸性洗涤纤维含量的相关性

在海南大田国家级自然保护区围栏内用食痕法(evidence of feeding on forage)观测海南坡鹿Cervus eldi hainanus(简称坡鹿)对18种草本和18种灌木类饲草的采食部分占整株草本植株或占整枝灌木主枝条的尺寸比,同时测定各饲草的酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量.结果显示,按旱季与雨季的(全年)平均值,坡鹿对草本类饲草的采食尺寸比为49.29%,对灌木类饲草为57.3%;草本类饲草的ADF含量为9.91%,灌木类饲草为9.19%;无论草本还是灌木类,坡鹿的采食尺寸比随饲草ADF含量的增加而显著降低.研究表明,在大田自然保护区围栏内,坡鹿对ADF含量在10%以上的饲草不喜食,饲草纤维物质含量是坡鹿在围栏内扩充采食部位以增加营养摄入量的限制性因子,在旱季种植并收割饲草投喂坡鹿时,应避免其纤维物质含量增高.     

辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的研究

为明确辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分（n-butanol part of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L.,FNB）体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PPRSV）的效果。本研究以Marc-145细胞和PPRSV弱毒疫苗毒株（TJM-F92）为对象,通过CCK-8法检测FNB对细胞的毒性作用,并检测先给药后接毒、先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这3种方式处理细胞后药物对病毒的抑制率。结果发现,FNB对细胞的最大安全浓度为500 μg/mL,因此,选择25~500 μg/mL浓度范围的FNB进行后续试验。各浓度的FNB处理病毒后,能不同程度的抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖,并呈现一定的剂量效应关系,药物的浓度越高,抗病毒效果越好。其中,先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这两种方式抗PRRSV效果显著,在25~500 μg/mL浓度范围内细胞存活率分别为21.55%~65.23%和24.85%~73.60%。而先给药后接毒,不能有效降低病毒的感染力,在药物最高剂量（500 μg/mL）时细胞存活率仅为7.00%,抗病毒效果不明显。FNB预先作用于Marc-145细胞虽未降低PRRSV感染细胞的能力,即药物对于PRRSV预防作用效果不理想,但是FNB对病毒感染细胞后呈现一定的作用,药物能够通过抑制病毒的合成、释放及直接杀灭病毒,进而能够有效抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖。本试验结果不仅为FNB在临床上治疗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）提供参考依据,而且可以为辣蓼的深度开发和利用提供理论依据。     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

高校勤工助学应从体力型转向智力型

在国家建立的资助经济困难学生的奖、贷、助、补、减政策体系中，勤工助学具有独特的地位和作用。随着社会的发展，体力型勤工助学已经越来越不能满足贫困学生的需要。要想完全发挥勤工助学的作用，必须将勤工助学从体力型转向智力型。     

春伐桑树不同伐条部位与桑叶产量的关系

通过春伐桑树不同伐条部位对产叶量影响的初步试验表明,在其它桑园管理措施一致的前提下,采取距离一年生枝条基部4～6 cm处（留芽2～3芽）伐条的剪伐方式,可显著提高芽条生长量和春叶产量,极显著提高秋叶产量,同时影响桑树生长发育.     

基于食用价值开发的桑树优势品种筛选

为科学评价我国桑树品种资源的食用价值,指导桑叶、桑椹的食用新产品开发,在对我国具有代表性的100份桑树品种资源的桑叶和桑椹进行营养品质、功能活性成分和加工特性鉴评的基础上,运用模糊数学中的隶属函数法对与桑叶蔬菜、桑叶茶和桑果汁(酒)的营养品质相关的各项指标数据进行转化,综合评价各品种的食用价值,筛选出一批食用优势品种。其中,最适合桑叶茶制作的10个桑树品种是粤诱35、粤诱19、任抗1号、粤诱33、抗10、粤诱18、鄂诱1、69、抗11、北-4-1,最适合桑叶蔬菜开发的10个桑树品种是粤诱35、任抗1号、英沙3、抗锈3号、坪镇2、粤诱19、抗10、粤诱25、抗11、白沙2,最适合果汁(酒)加工的10个桑树品种是粤椹15号(大10,无籽)、粤椹2号、粤椹18号、粤椹29号、粤椹27号、粤椹26号、粤椹33号、粤椹16号、粤椹66号、粤椹38号。目前种植面积较大的具有食用开发价值的桑树品种有适合果汁(酒)开发的品种大10,适合开发桑叶茶和桑叶蔬菜的品种抗10。另还确定了一批具有食用开发价值的优势储备桑树种质资源,可作为以食用价值开发为导向的桑树新品种选育的基础材料。