美洲黑石斑鱼(Centropristis striata)消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察

通过形态学与连续组织切片的方法,对美洲黑石斑鱼(Centropristis striata) 1-34 d仔鱼消化系统的胚后发育进行系统观察,分析描述鱼体消化道(食道、胃与肠道)以及消化腺(肝脏与胰腺)的发育过程.对1-15 d仔鱼连续取样,每次取样30尾,15 d后隔天取样,每次取样15尾.结果显示,在水温为(24±1)℃、盐度为30-32的条件下,初孵仔鱼卵黄囊体积很大,消化管为封闭的管状结构.美洲黑石斑鱼孵出3d后,口裂形成、开始摄食,肛门与外界连通,消化道逐渐分化形成食道、胃及肠道,肝脏、胆囊和胰腺也逐渐形成.7d后,卵黄囊与油球基本消失,食道、胃部以及肠道黏膜褶皱开始形成,消化道黏膜上皮细胞逐渐分化,肝脏出现脂肪颗粒,仔鱼具备了基本的摄食能力.11d时,仔鱼食道可见黏液细胞,随日龄的增加上皮组织中黏液细胞数量迅速增多,褶皱日益丰富;胃部分化形成贲门部、胃本体与幽门部,胃壁褶皱不断增多、伸长;肝脏血窦与中央静脉明显.20d时,鱼体胃腺形成,说明胃部消化、吸收蛋白质的能力增强;肠道次级黏膜褶皱出现,肠圈与褶皱更加复杂化;胰脏分布有大量酶原颗粒.32 d时,仔鱼消化道组织结构分明,自腔面向内依次为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层与浆膜层,消化道与消化腺结构和功能逐步完善.仔鱼3-7 d为内源性营养向外源性营养过渡期,应及时提供充足适口的生物饵料,仔鱼20 d后可以逐渐驯化投喂微型配合饲料.     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的研究

对月鳢(Channa asiatica)稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究。结果表明,随着鱼体的发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性逐渐增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的增强更为明显。月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大、肝胰脏次之、胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其它器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的变化

对月鳢稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究,结果如下：①随着鱼体发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性不断地增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的发育更为明显。②月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶活性和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。③月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其他器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)日增重、饲料利用和消化酶活性的影响

以葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和糊化玉米淀粉为糖源制成5种等氮等脂饲料,投喂卵形鲳碜(Trachinotus ovatus)8周,研究不同糖源对其日增重、饲料利用和肝脏消化酶活性的影响.结果显示,不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均有显著影响(P＜0.05).糊化玉米淀粉组的日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均最高,显著高于非淀粉糖源组(P＜0.05),而与玉米淀粉组无显著差异(P＞0.05);葡萄糖组的日增重、饲料效率和蛋白效率均最低,显著低于其他糖源组(P＜0.05).消化酶活性结果显示,饲料中的不同糖源对卵形鲳鲹的肝脏消化酶活性有显著影响(P＜0.05).两个淀粉组的蛋白酶活性显著低于分子量较低其他三组(P＜0.05);蔗糖组的淀粉酶活性最高,显著高于除糊精组外的其他糖源组(P＜0.05);脂肪酶活性随着糖分子量的增大而增大.本研究中淀粉类大分子糖类对卵形鲳鲹的促生长效果优于葡萄糖、蔗糖和糊精,糊化玉米淀粉组的促生长效果最好.     

宽口裂腹鱼消化系统解剖和组织学观察

该研究采用解剖、石蜡切片和HE染色法对宽口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax eurystomus)消化系统解剖特征和组织切片进行观察。结果显示,其消化管管壁由内向外分别为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜,主要差别在于黏膜层和肌层。食道黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,上皮间分布有大量杯状细胞;前肠和中肠黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,明显可见刷状缘、杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布其间;后肠黏膜上皮为假复层柱状上皮,其间也有杯状细胞和淋巴细胞分布,肠道中杯状细胞由前至后逐渐增多。食道肌层为内环外纵的骨骼肌;前肠肌层为内环外纵的平滑肌;中肠和后肠为内螺旋外环行的平滑肌。消化腺由肝脏和胰腺组成,胰腺弥散状分布在肝脏中,肝小叶不明显。研究表明,宽口裂腹鱼消化系统组织学特征与其食性具有适应性。     

The changes in digestive enzymes and hormones of gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus aurata, L 1758) fed on Artemia nauplii enriched with free methionine

Variations in digestive enzymes and hormones during the larval development of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed on live prey (Artemia nauplii) enriched with free methionine were investigated for 16 days (from day 24 to day 40). Prior to initiation of the experiment, newly hatched larvae were transferred from incubators to fiber glass tanks (300 l) with black walls and fed with same diets until day 24. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. In the experimental group, the content of the free methionine in the Artemia nauplii was increased by adding a 5.3 mM free methionine solution to the culture water during a 16-h enrichment period. The larvae of both the control and enriched-methionine groups were sampled four times, with 4-day intervals between samplings, during a 16-day period. The larvae in the control group had a significantly lower growth than those of the methionine group at the end of the study (P < 0.05). The highest trypsin activity and leucine aminopeptidase N/leucine–alanine peptidase ratios were observed in the control group. A significant difference between bombesin activities in the treatment groups was not found at 5th minute after the initiation of feeding (P > 0.05), but they were significant at 15th minute post-initiation of feeding (P < 0.05). A significant difference between the cholecystokinin levels of the treatment groups was found (P < 0.05).     

Effects of dietary medicinal herbs and Bacillus on survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The basal diet (C), with 0.20% medicinal herbs (M) and 0.30% Bacillus (BM1), with 0.10% medicinal herbs and 0.15% Bacillus (BM2), and with 0.30% Bacillus (B), was used to feed white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) (1.91 ± 0.03 g) in order to assess survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity. At the end of the feeding trial, survival ranged from 95.83 to 98.33% with no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all groups. Growth measured as weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed with BM2, BM1, and M compared to that of C. However, no significant differences were found among B, BM1, and M. In the case of specific growth rate, the shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than that of C. The contents of body moisture, crude protein, and ash seemed to be unaffected by the feed supplements, though lipid content was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 had the lowest and highest lipid contents, respectively. The digestive enzyme activity assessed using shrimp hepatopancreas revealed that the activities of amylase and protease in shrimp fed with BM2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of C at the end of the 2nd and 6th weeks. However, better performance of the specific amylase activity was shown by the shrimp fed with B at the end of the 8th week.     

水牛乳β-酪蛋白基因多态性与消化性能及抗氧化性能的关联研究

本研究以水牛乳β-酪蛋白(β-CN)基因多态性分析结果为依据,从水牛乳中分离并纯化出具有活性的β-酪蛋白亚型.采用体外消化模型分析其在胃肠道中的消化性能;根据水解液的抗氧化活性来分析生物活性肽的释放.高效液相色谱法(HPLC)结果显示,水牛乳中β-CN有A和B两种等位基因.消化性能结果显示A等位基因更利于β-酪蛋白在肠...     

八点黑獭兔消化器官形态结构的研究

分别对30～40日龄、60～90日龄、120～150日龄、180日龄以上4个阶段八点黑獭兔消化管的长度进行测定并对其有关结构进行观察描述。结果显示：40～90日龄期间消化管处在不断的生长发育中,并研究发现结肠狭窄部（长度4-5cm）,回盲口与盲结口分开,直肠长度5-6cm,胃容积的大小与供料多少有密切关系。研究结果为我国家兔解剖学补充了新的内容。     

螺旋粉虱成虫消化系统的形态学与组织学研究

应用解剖学和组织学方法研究了螺旋粉虱(Aleurodicus dispersus Russell)成虫消化系统的形态和组织结构。结果显示,螺旋粉虱成虫消化系统由前肠、滤室、中肠、后肠、瓶形孔和一对唾液腺组成。前肠部分主要是食道;中肠包括胃和肠道;后肠分为回肠、结肠和直肠,其中直肠前部有一段膨大的直肠囊;一对唾液腺并行分布在食管下神经节的两侧,呈肾形。消化道管壁从腔内向外依次由黏膜层、肌层和浆膜层等3层结构组成。PAS染色在中肠的胃和肠道中阳性反应最强烈,其次是食道,而在唾液腺和后肠中基本呈阴性;PAS染色阳性部位位于黏膜层,胃和肠道腔内内容物也有阳性反应,而食道腔内无阳性物质。AB染色在后肠中阳性反应最明显,其它部位均呈阴性;AB染色阳性部位位于黏膜层,而肠腔有絮状弱阳性物质。碱性磷酸酶在唾液腺和后肠染色呈阳性,位于整个唾液腺、后肠的黏膜层和肌层;而前肠和中肠染色呈弱阳性,位于黏膜层。