Relationships between morphological traits and resistance to pine wood nematode in two Japanese pines

It has been suggested that certain morphological traits of Japanese pines function as resistance factors against the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The aim of this study was to verify this concept, and to determine the relationships between traits and resistance at both the individual and family levels. Relationships between survival rate and morphological traits of Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii were studied after inoculation with PWN. Morphometric parameters used were height, basal diameter of the axis, and the number of branches from the axis. Three indices of relationships were analysed: (1) among individuals within a family (survival difference between smaller and larger morphometric populations within each family); (2) among individuals (correlation between each morphometric average and survival rate in quintile populations of all subjects within each pine species based on the order of morphometric values); and (3) among families (correlation between each morphometric average and survival rate in the family). Both significant and non-significant differences were detected within a family, indicating a need for macro techniques. Among individuals, a thicker axis and more branches were correlated with increased survival, indicating that they are resistance factors. However, these correlations were not significant among different families. These results indicate that morphological traits cannot be used to evaluate resistance at a family level, even if they are significant at an individual level. Further studies on traits associated with resistance should be conducted at a family rather than an individual level, to breed for Japanese pines with resistance to PWN.

国毛毛丛直径形态特征的探讨

通过对毛丛直径形态的分析和研究来达到以下两个目的：一是了解羊毛在生长过程中毛丛中纤维细度的变化和原因，为羊毛生产者在育种和改进羊群管理方面提供一些科学试验依据；二是根据毛丛直径形态的特征，结合强力和断裂位置等原毛指标，来分析和判断在毛条加工过程中毛条的质量情况，如毛条中纤维的长度和长度分布等，来指导羊毛加工和生产。     

Individual tree diameter increment model for managed even-aged stands of ponderosa pine throughout the western United States using a multilevel linear mixed effects model

A diameter increment model is developed and evaluated for individual trees of ponderosa pine throughout the species range in the United States using a multilevel linear mixed model. Stochastic variability is broken down among period, locale, plot, tree and within-tree components. Covariates acting at tree and stand level, as breast height diameter, density, site index, and competition indices are included in the model as fixed effects in order to explain residual variability. The data set used in this study came from long-term permanent research plots in even-aged, pure stands both planted and of natural origin. The data base consists of six levels-of-growing stock studies supplemented by initial spacing and other permanent-plot thinning studies for a total of 310 plots, 34,263 trees and 153,854 observations. Regression analysis is the preferred technique used in growth and yield modeling in forestry. We choose the mixed effects models instead of the regression analysis approach because it allows for proper treatment of error terms in a repeated measures analysis framework. Regional growth and yield models exist for ponderosa pine. However, data collection and analysis procedures differ. As a result, comparisons of growth responses that may be due to geographic variation of the species are not possible. Our goal is to present a single distance-independent diameter increment model applicable throughout the geographic range of ponderosa pine in the United States and by using only data from long-term permanent plots on sites capable of the productivity estimated by Meyer [Meyer, W.H., 1938. Yield of Even-Aged Stands of Ponderosa Pine. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 630].     

马尾松人工混交林直径分布规律的研究

应用5种概率分布律对马尾松人工混交林的直径分布规律进行拟合。结果表明：马尾松人工混交林的胸径分布基本上符合威布尔分布、正态分布和β分布。C、偏度、峭度等特征值符合人工林生长特点。     

Field performance of ten clones and two sizes of planting stock of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis> on the Indo-gangetic plains of India

A study was conducted from 1996 to 2001 on well drained sandy loam soils in the central plain region of Punjab to determine the effect of initial size of planting stock and clones of poplar (Populus deltoides) on their height, diameter and volume growth. Two categories of planting stock viz. large size (height >4.7 m and collar diameter >4.2 cm) and small size (height 2.5–4.3 m and collar diameter 2.5–4.0 cm) of ten poplar clones were used for the experiment using a completely randomized design with single tree plots and ten replications. The large sized stock attained significantly greater diameter and volume growth at all ages than those of small size, whereas, the superiority of the former in plant height was only up to 3 years of age. The respective differences for diameter and volume between the stock sizes decreased from 11.7 and 27.96% at 3 years to 4.9 and 11.42% at 5 years of age. Significant differences were observed among clones for all the growth parameters. Clones G-48, 3167, WSL-31 and WSL-38 exhibited the highest growth.     

一种与直径分布型无关的预测林分直径累积分布的方法

本文推导出一组联系林分平均直径生长和直径累积分布生长之间的方程式。根据这些方程建立的全林分生长模型和径阶模型或与距离无关的单木模型之间的关系，可以指导由林分断面积总生长向单木直径生长的分配。采用这一组方程，根据二个不同时间点上算术平均直径和均方平均直径回收生长模型和枯损模型中的参数，保证林分水平预测的结果和径级水平或单木水平预测的结果相容。采用一个误差函数来刻化相同直径林木在生长过程中的分化，证明了忽略这项误差函数可能导致预测的直径分布范围小于实际的范围。因此，加上一个误差函数预测直径分布在一定程度上提高了直径分布预测的精度。最后一个实例说明计算过程。     

光学纤维直径分析仪测定兔毛纤维细度可行性研究

采用光学纤维直径分析仪和显微投影仪分别测定54份兔毛样品的纤维细度。结果显示：两种测定方法纤维平均细度分别14．0±4．1μm和13．7±2．5μm（t〈0．05）,误差2．14％;细度离散系数分别为17．5±1．9％和35．3±6．4％（t〈0．01）。测定结果两者间呈强相关,相关系数为0．617（P〈0．01）。表明采用光学纤维直径分析仪测定兔毛纤维细度是可行的,但必须确立统一的取样标准。     

Diameter distributions in Picea ables described by the Weibull model

The three‐parameter Weibull function met specified statistical standards for goodness of fit as a model for the diameter distribution of moderately thinned Norway spruce stands in Denmark. Weibull distributions estimated by percentile estimators fit the majority of 522 observed diameter distributions (material made available by the Danish Forest Experiment Station) at the 10% level of significance in the Chi‐square and Kolmogoroff‐Smirnow tests. The Weibull distribution was less suited to describe the diameter distribution in unthinned stands and heavily thinned stands. Weibull parameter predictions were developed and used in connection with a Danish yield table for Norway spruce on clay‐rich coastal soils. The use of the Weibull distribution to predict stem frequencies in different diameter classes before and after a specified thinning of stands is demonstrated.     

Root Egress and Field Performance of Actively Growing Betula pendula Container Seedlings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of enlarging the planting window of container-grown silver birch seedlings from spring and autumn to summer by planting young, actively growing seedlings. For over 3 yrs the study investigated the growth, survival and damage of silver birch seedlings grown in containers and planted at different times during the growing season on 18 sites in fields and forest sites in central Finland. In a pot experiment in the greenhouse, the root-egress ability of seedlings planted at different times during the growing season was monitored. Root egress of seedlings was rapid from the beginning of July to the middle of August. Actively growing seedlings planted in summer on a site suitable for silver birch grew and survived at least as well as seedlings planted in spring during the dormant stage. The risk of drought stress increased when seedlings were planted on easily drying, coarse sandy soils. The risk was also high in soils with high levels of fine soil fractions that become hard when dry and when the dry period continued for several weeks before planting. In conclusion, it is possible to enlarge the planting window of birch seedlings to July and the beginning of August by using actively growing container seedlings.     

岩性对杉木生长的影响（摘要）

[目的]揭示岩性土壤与杉木生长的关系,为系统培育杉木速生丰产林奠定基础。[方法]采用实验生态学的方法,通过方差分析,对6类不同岩性发育的土体上11年生杉木生长和生物量进行研究。地上部分生物量的测定采用皆伐实测法,即逐株砍伐并分别测定其树干（带皮）、树干（去皮）、树枝（带皮）和叶的鲜重,按形态学部位分上、中、下分别取干（去皮）、皮、枝和叶的样品,测定含水率,然后换算成各自的干重,累计即得地上部分的总生物量;地下部分生物量指的是根系生物量,其测定方法采用全株挖掘法,取平均木大、中、小根系的混合样测定含水率,后换算成干重。生物量含水率的测定均采用烘干法。[结果]6类不同岩性发育的土体对杉木的高、径生长及生物量效应影响不同,其中,长石石英砂岩平均树高为523.270 cm,平均胸径为4.720cm,平均单株生物量为5.059 kg;玄武岩平均树高为511.570 cm,平均胸径为4.650 cm,平均单株生物量为4.848 kg,生长良好,以下依次是石英砂岩、变余砂岩、第四纪红色黏土和煤系硅质砂页岩,且后2类岩性差异较小。岩性对单株各器官生物量影响最大的是根,其次是去皮干,再次按由大到小的顺序依次是全株、叶、干皮和带皮枝。[结论]长石石英砂岩和玄武岩对杉木生长最有利。